Abstract The following discourse relates to the treatment of malaria in Somalia with the ultimate goal being to reduce its overall impact on the economic health of the country. The action plan outlined addresses the nature of malaria, its common treatment strategies and the execution of the plan itself. The action plan is designed to result in a considerable decrease of the negative impact that malaria has not only on the public health and welfare of Somalia citizenry, but on the considerable negative impact it has on Somalian economic recovery.
From the Paper "While common public perception is that malaria and other communicable diseases are purely a health risk, the reality is that malaria, in combination with other public health concerns, poses a considerable impediment to economic health and recovery. This economic impact is indirect but substantial none-the-less. Malaria, because of its deep impact on the young, reduces the size of the future population of..."
Abstract This paper explains that the Malaria parasite is a critical component of the spread of this disease through mosquito populations around the world. The author points out that one hypothesis is the ability of the malaria parasite to infect those persons who are not even located in the vicinity of the mosquitoes that carry the disease. The paper stress that this spread of the illness to less typical areas is critically importance to the advancement of methods to reduce the incidence of disease.
From the Paper "The study of Malaria is a complex process, as it requires the identification of many different factors that relate to the physiology of the disease, as well as the symptoms that it causes within the host. There are a number of experimental approaches to evaluating Malaria, and it is anticipated that some of the most innovative strategies will encompass the utilization of tools that are effective in providing new discoveries in research and drug development. Although much of the research currently conducted on Malaria has been beneficial to the control of this disease, new discoveries have yet to be made based upon new theories. One hypothesis worth consideration is the ability of the malaria parasite, known as plasmodium falciparum, to infect those persons who are not even located in the vicinity of the mosquitoes that carry the disease."
Abstract This essay argues that Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is anti-Semitic in terms of its treatment of the character Robert Cohn. Cohn is painted in a negative light and none of the characters like him. Cohn is the anti-hero, yet he has Jewishness intentionally imposed upon him. In this respect, "The Sun Also Rises" involves anti-Semitism.
Abstract The following assignment is for a third year sociology course. The topic discussed is collective social behaviour. The collective social behavior examined in this assignment is anti-war demonstrations. The writer uses social contagion theory and emergent norm theory in order to examine the nature of anti-war demonstrations.
From the Paper "Collective behavior is a very broad area of study. For example, in Collective Behavior Erich Goode states, 'Rumors and legends, fads, and collective protest- these and other social phenomena make up the subject matter of the field of collective Behavior'. Collective behavior is the relatively spontaneous, unstructured, extra institutional behavior of a fairly large number of individuals. The fact that collective behavior is such a diverse area of study means that many activities can be used to examine it. For this paper, demonstrations against the war in Iraq or anti-war demonstrations as they are commonly called will be used to examine many of the theories about collective behavior."
Abstract This paper summarizes the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress. It suggests some ongoing problems in American public life which demonstrate the main issues which drove that debate, far from being resolved during the constitution's ratification, continue to resonate in current events. This paper discusses the Ratification Debate and the major issues which drove the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-federalists: Distribution of power, protection of rights, limitations of institutions and the ongoing Relevance.
From the Paper "In the last few days of September in 1787, the Confederation Congress met to debate and construct a new Constitution of the United States. The document they wrote and sent for ratification to the thirteen states that made up the newly-formed country was intended to replace the Articles of Confederation that had ordered the nation since its inception. The nation was reaching a crisis point, as the experiment had been going poorly. Surprisingly, perhaps, the problem was not one of the many possible economic problems that new nations are likely to experience when reconstructing after a long and difficult war. As Gordon Wood (1969) argues, the general economy was running well and people felt comfortable and even prosperous (p. 395). Rather, the concerns that brought the nation's leading politicians together were primarily political. "
Abstract This paper discusses how in terms of ideologies, actions, and goals that exist, or should exist in order for the anti-globalization movement to develop into a successful global social movement, there is general agreement that there must be a greater emphasis on social and political issues such as gender equality, and economic issues such as product music and entertainment product copyright protection. The paper further discusses that these are only two of a multitude of important issues that need to be addressed, but they reflect the anti-globalization movement's fundamental goal of protecting the social, political, and economic rights of individuals, groups, and societies as globalization expands. For example, globalization has presented many challenges and opportunities for the transnational women's movement.
A discussion on the way that the punk subculture re-emerged in recent years in response to the rise of the far right in Switzerland and as part of the international anti-fascist and anti-globalization movements.
Abstract The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion
From the Paper "The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."
Argues that over-prescribing anti-depressants world-wide could prevent rape survivors from seeking and receiving treatment for depression and other mental health diseases.
Abstract This paper contends that the skyrocketing number of prescriptions for anti-depressants recently has caused some to worry that patients, such as rape victims, who could benefit from the addition of medication in their recovery, might not be able to get the much-needed medicine.
From the Paper "The recent FDA decision regarding SSRI's (Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors) has caused the medical community to scale down anti-depressant prescriptions in recent months. This project in intended to shed light on the growing problem of over-prescribing anti-depressants and the effects that ultimately could prevent rape survivors from receiving the much needed medications they need for recovery."
Abstract The paper discusses the problem of malaria in countries where the disease is prevalent by examining the affected populations, the barriers to treating this health issue, and the resources and programs available for dealing with malaria. The paper discusses how to strengthen the role of the international community for this cause and identifies four components necessary for successful malaria prevention and treatment. Finally, the paper explores what the future holds regarding the treatment of malaria.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Population Affected By Malaria History of Malaria Contemporary Controls
Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
Points of Entry and Departure
Barriers and Misconceptions
Requirements To Strengthen International Community's Role
Malaria a Public and Health Issue
Vaccines for Malaria Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Forty percent of the world's population is stated to be at risk of Malaria with ninety percent of deaths from malaria occurring in the country of Africa, south of the Sahara desert. (Harvard School of Public Health, 2001; paraphrased) Malaria is reported by the Harvard School of Public Health to have been "eradicated in many countries, including the US, in 1950s"(Harvard School of Public Health, 2001) However the malaria parasite has become extremely resistant to drug therapy. Furthermore, malaria not only causes terrible sickness but also has a potential to cripple "developing economies through the enormous cost in medical expenses and days of labor lost." (Harvard School of Public Health, 2001)"
Abstract This paper discusses the occurrence of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reviews the first program to control the spread of malaria in Sub-Saharan African countries that started in the 1920's with larval restraint. The governments in Sub-Saharan Africa have encouraged policies that target the destruction of the mosquitoes that cause this disease, since reliable means to contain this disease are out of their reach. These policies have paved way for excessive utilization of man-made insect-killers, mainly dichlorodiphenyl trichioroethane (DDT). This man-made insect-killer is said to possess extreme side affects to both the environment and the human life. The paper examines the reasons that have triggered the developed world to ban the use of DDT and explores the attempts to influence Third World countries to also take the initiative to ban the use of DDT. The paper demonstrates that malaria entails exceedingly important economic expenditures on Sub-Saharan African countries.
Outline
Executive Summary
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Review of the Literature
Malaria Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Age and Gender Analysis of Malaria Cases
Financial Expenses of Malaria Treatment
Malaria Prevention and Control in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pertinent Foundation
DDT is Necessary to Control Malaria Abolishing the Use of DDT
Function of the World Health Organization
Influence of International Policies
Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "It is common knowledge that malaria is the world's most lethal bloodsucking infection. Malaria takes life from more people than any other infectious virus, apart from tuberculosis (TB). Despite the fact that the geological region influenced by malaria has reduced drastically in size in the preceding five decades, restraining Malaria has turned out to be extremely difficult, in fact impossible, and the efforts and improvements by the respective governments have been wasted.
The infection is passed on by Anopheline mosquitoes, the figure and kind of which establish the degree of flow in a specified region. Augmented threat of the infection is related with transformations in the utilization of land concerning actions like highway construction, mining, logging, as well as, farming and irrigation ventures, predominantly in border regions like the Sub-Sahara Africa. One of the cures for this ailment that has been extremely useful is the utilization of DDT."
Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to explore the application of drugs against malaria to assess their efficacy and determine whether it is possible to eradicate malaria in some of the most affected regions of the world. The primary research questions presented to assess this are as follows: (1) What direction should current drug therapies take to eradicate malaria, in light of new, drug resistant forms of the disease? (2) Are genetically modified mosquitoes a more plausible alternative to drug therapy or vaccines? (3) Would use of genetically modified mosquitoes present more problems by changing the environment or inciting confusion and antagonism among populations in which these mosquitoes are released? To answer these questions, the paper proposes a quantitative meta-analysis of the literature currently available comparing past and present drug therapies and research with new focus on the use of transgenic mosquitoes to combat malaria compared with recent drug therapies.
Outline:
Introduction
Background to Problem
Purpose
Significance of Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Method
Limitations
From the Paper "Malaria has a long biological history as a member of the "protozoan members of the Plasmodium genus" which causes malaria when humans are injected by the bite of a mosquito carrier (Kiple 682). Since early times human beings have developed some immune response allowing them to resist some of the more serious forms of the disease, especially in areas including tropical Africa remain "plagued with malaria" more so than other places in the world (Kiple 682). Despite this, malaria still infects millions of people and recently realized a resurgence of power. Typically agents or drugs used to combat malaria directly attacked the parasite or vector, however newer studies suggests that a complex interaction of multiple factors including the interaction "between parasite, vector, host and environment" (Tenenbaum 760). "
Abstract This paper discusses the incidence of malaria in Africa and the difficulties encountered in implementing malaria prevention and treatment programs. The paper specifically discusses the political, social, and economic barriers that have consistently limited the ability to deliver treatment to sufferers of malaria, thus prolonging its destructive consequences in contemporary Africa. The paper further explains that, rather than focusing on bettering the health of the individual, the focus has been placed on possible benefits to the government and economy. For example, specific regions of Africa have been targeted when developing treatment and prevention plans because these regions are economically viable. The paper concludes that, in order to cure malaria in Africa, emphasis needs to be placed on what is best for the native people instead of concentrating on possible benefits to other uninfected countries.
From the Paper "Current malaria control campaigns in Africa are still limited due to a lack of government funding. Partnerships of governmental, non-governmental, and philanthropic organizations are necessary to develop comprehensive programs, yet these partnerships often fail when attempted in Africa. In addition to a lack of consistent funding, these partnerships are composed of overlapping public and private institutions "without clear mandates, ease of coordination, or a leader to harmonize the activities". Until African governments can allocate appropriate funds to malaria control efforts and develop efficient systems for combating the disease, anti-malaria campaigns will continue to disintegrate. Since the initial failure of malaria control under the imperialistic notion to spread white enterprise, government programs have never been sufficient to implement preventative and treatment measures targeting malaria. The political implications of malaria control campaigns have, consequently, thwarted opportunities to cure the millions of infected Africans."
Tags: political, implications, medical, programs, negligence, social, status
Abstract The paper relates that Canada has experienced an excessively high incidence of malaria in contrast to all other industrialized nations. The paper examines the host characteristics of the disease, the environment, the agent responsible and the natural history of malaria to highlight the problems that develop if a comprehensive epidemiological analysis is not conducted. The paper shows how in comparison with the United States, Canada appears to be unaware of how to undertake adequate surveillance and how to implement control mechanisms. The paper also emphasizes the importance of public health education related to malaria infection.
Outline:
Introduction
Prevalence
Host Characteristics
Environment
Agent
Natural History
Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper "Malaria is a parasitic infection with high prevalence around the world, including affluent nations. The focus of this paper will be Canada because this country has experienced an excessively high incidence of malaria in contrast to all other industrialized nations (MacLean & Demers, 2004). Canada's high incidence of infections corresponds to the deficiencies in its surveillance and public education programs. The two provinces most vulnerable to malaria infection are British Columbia and Ontario. It was only because of research conducted outside of the Canadian surveillance system that the source of two epidemics was identified."
Abstract This paper explains that epidemiology refers to the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems. The author then describes the agent, hosts and environment surrounding malaria. The paper stresses that the most important point about transmission is that researchers have discovered that the incidence of malaria cannot be explained by changes in immigration trends; therefore, epidemiologists must look for simultaneous transmission. The author points out that, although malaria is associated with tropical areas, its occurrence and even epidemics of the disease are not uncommon in Canada.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Agent
Host
Environment
Web of Causation
Natural History and Control and Prevention
Conclusion
From the Paper "The primary hosts of Plasmodium falciparum are female mosquitoes of the Anopheles which also are the transmission vectors. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for a high number of malarial infections and deaths in humans; however, other hosts include birds, reptiles, chimpanzees, and rodents. Of all the cases of malaria since 1990 in Canada, 90 percent have been found in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Two epidemics have occurred in Canada, the first being from 1986 to 1990. The second epidemic occurred from 1999 to 2000."
Tags: distribution control travel, plasmodium falciparum, symptoms
Abstract For most people living in Third World countries, malaria is a matter of life and death. This paper examines the threat to countries in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. It discusses the forms of malaria and the main causes of an outbreak. The paper also looks at the organizations involved, which are dedicated to developing vaccines and doing away with the epidemics.
From the Paper "Another controversial treatment for the mosquitoes is the use of DDT. DDT has been shown to be the most cost-effective and safe insecticide available. Many studies are being conducted to determine if DDT has any side effects that may contribute to the premature death of many infants (Bates, Curtis, Roberts, Sharp, Shiff, Tren, 2004) One of the best methods of control in areas with seasonal malaria, is indoor residual spraying (Tren, TechCentral Station, 2004). Small amounts of the insecticides are sprayed on the walls of the houses where the adult mosquitoes rest. The cost of treatment for malaria is estimated at $12 billion per year."
