Abstract This paper explains that, during the romantic movement in Spain and France, which is described as an anti-intellectual movement in both art and literature, artists of this tradition actively commented against the traditions of aristocratic domination of politics and societal norms and supported the rise of nationalism. The author points out that both Goya and Delacroix related their artistic visions and imagination to actual events and made political statements through their depiction of war. The paper explores this theme in Goya's "The Third of May 1808", which he created in response to the tyranny of Napoleon's forces, and in Delacroix's "Massacres at Chios, 1824", which was his objection to the continuing social repression of the professional and peasant classes.
From the Paper "The decades preceding and following the turn of the 18th century were violent and bloody. It was an era of much political and social upheaval where people, ranging from both intellectual and educated to peasants, began to question the role and power of the aristocracy whom they began to view as irresponsible despots . In particular, the divine right of royalty was questioned along with the rules they imposed upon their subjects as well as the war atrocities they caused. Artists, including painters began to portray the fall out of this political upheaval."
Abstract This essay is an in-depth analysis of intellectual property law in an historical context. The specific history can be divided into two periods of cultural development, orality and literacy. The concept of intellectual property (individual ownership of creative work) was not present in oral cultures, but it is enshrined in law in literate cultures. This essay draws on the works of communications scholars like Walter Ong and Dan Lacy in order to establish these facts, and then proceeds to analyze them using one of Marshall McCluhan's most famous insights, that ?the medium is the message.? What this essay shows is that the medium of information preservation in oral cultures is fundamentally different than that of literate cultures. One medium supports the concept of intellectual property, and one does not. In other words, the medium determines the morals of the time. What is considered theft in literate culture is just sharing in oral culture. This examination of intellectual property in historical context is especially relevant today, with the current legal disputes over intellectual property in the music industry.
From the Paper "At this moment in 2001, intellectual property is a hot topic. The right to own an idea is being debated in fields as disparate as medicine and the music industry. In historical context, however, intellectual property is a relatively new concept. The first modern copyright law only emerged in 1710 and the People's Republic of China did not have a copyright system until 1991. In contrast, the first known cave painting dates to 31,000 BC. Humans have been creating for thousands of years, but those expressions were only defined as personal property quite recently. The exact moment of this definition is still debated by experts: some say it came with the first copyright law, some say it began with the printing press in 1436, and others say that it emerged with "the artist with a markedly individual personality" in 6th century BC Greece (Ploman and Hamilton 5). Regardless of the specific point of division, copyright as we know it today was not present in ancient oral cultures (Bettig 11) and is not present in modern oral cultures like that of the Balinese (Ploman and Hamilton 4). Why the concept of intellectual property is evident in highly literate cultures and not in oral cultures can perhaps be best understood in terms of the social and political context of their respective historical periods. One explanation that emerges is that the chosen mediums of oral and literate cultures are qualitatively different and that each engenders a different set of social norms to guide intellectual production. What this paper seeks to do is to pursue this line of questioning by discerning what the medium was for each culture, analyzing the nature of each medium, and, finally, explaining how the medium determined whether or not the concept of intellectual property emerged."
Abstract This paper summarizes results of four interviews. Two of the interviews are with people who do not know anyone who has an intellectual disability. Two interviews are done with people who know someone with an intellectual disability. According to this paper, often people who do not know anyone with an intellectual disability, think about people who are severely mentally retarded. People who know someone with an intellectual disability are more knowledgable.
Abstract This paper examines how early Renaissance artists, such as Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Mantegna, among others, successfully gained intellectual recognition and respect, and achieved acceptance of their artistic work in the same way as other liberal arts with reference to Francis Ames-Lewis' book, "The Intellectual Life of the Early Renaissance Artist" (2000).
From the Paper ?Ames-Lewis explores the methods and attitudes that were adopted and promoted in order to further the recognition of the artist as a creative genius who possesses and develops a unique identity and individuality.In his beautifully illustrated volume, Ames-Lewis investigates the gradual increase in the status of the artist, both from the personal efforts of the individual artists, who strongly believed that they merited a status greater than that of a craftsmen, and also from the changing perception of the society in which they lived and worked. He examines the cultural ethos of the time, which placed an increasing importance and prestige on those who were perceived as being "learned", thus concentrating the artists? desire to develop, and exhibit, their intellectual prowess, in addition to their recognized artistic talents.?
Abstract This essay contains two case briefs, one for a real property case and one for an intellectual property case. Furthermore it answers six questions which the customer wanted included. The questions deal with real and intellectual property law.
From the Paper "Facts: The city of New London, Connecticut was in need of economic revitalization so when the Pfizer corporation began to construct a new facility on the outskirts of a residential neighborhood, the city reactivated "the New London Development Corporation, a private entity under the control of the city government, to consider plans to redevelop the Fort Trumbull neighborhood and encourage new economic activities that might be brought by the Pfizer plant" (Kelo, 2006, p. 3). The corporation came up with a development plan which the city approved. The corporation offered to purchase the lots of Fort Trumbull which it would need, however some owners of the properties did not wish to sell."
Abstract This paper covers the role of software piracy as an infringement of rights on the intellectual property and underlines the economics and laws involved.
Abstract This essay argues that Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is anti-Semitic in terms of its treatment of the character Robert Cohn. Cohn is painted in a negative light and none of the characters like him. Cohn is the anti-hero, yet he has Jewishness intentionally imposed upon him. In this respect, "The Sun Also Rises" involves anti-Semitism.
Abstract The following assignment is for a third year sociology course. The topic discussed is collective social behaviour. The collective social behavior examined in this assignment is anti-war demonstrations. The writer uses social contagion theory and emergent norm theory in order to examine the nature of anti-war demonstrations.
From the Paper "Collective behavior is a very broad area of study. For example, in Collective Behavior Erich Goode states, 'Rumors and legends, fads, and collective protest- these and other social phenomena make up the subject matter of the field of collective Behavior'. Collective behavior is the relatively spontaneous, unstructured, extra institutional behavior of a fairly large number of individuals. The fact that collective behavior is such a diverse area of study means that many activities can be used to examine it. For this paper, demonstrations against the war in Iraq or anti-war demonstrations as they are commonly called will be used to examine many of the theories about collective behavior."
Abstract This paper summarizes the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress. It suggests some ongoing problems in American public life which demonstrate the main issues which drove that debate, far from being resolved during the constitution's ratification, continue to resonate in current events. This paper discusses the Ratification Debate and the major issues which drove the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-federalists: Distribution of power, protection of rights, limitations of institutions and the ongoing Relevance.
From the Paper "In the last few days of September in 1787, the Confederation Congress met to debate and construct a new Constitution of the United States. The document they wrote and sent for ratification to the thirteen states that made up the newly-formed country was intended to replace the Articles of Confederation that had ordered the nation since its inception. The nation was reaching a crisis point, as the experiment had been going poorly. Surprisingly, perhaps, the problem was not one of the many possible economic problems that new nations are likely to experience when reconstructing after a long and difficult war. As Gordon Wood (1969) argues, the general economy was running well and people felt comfortable and even prosperous (p. 395). Rather, the concerns that brought the nation's leading politicians together were primarily political. "
Abstract This paper discusses how in terms of ideologies, actions, and goals that exist, or should exist in order for the anti-globalization movement to develop into a successful global social movement, there is general agreement that there must be a greater emphasis on social and political issues such as gender equality, and economic issues such as product music and entertainment product copyright protection. The paper further discusses that these are only two of a multitude of important issues that need to be addressed, but they reflect the anti-globalization movement's fundamental goal of protecting the social, political, and economic rights of individuals, groups, and societies as globalization expands. For example, globalization has presented many challenges and opportunities for the transnational women's movement.
A discussion on the way that the punk subculture re-emerged in recent years in response to the rise of the far right in Switzerland and as part of the international anti-fascist and anti-globalization movements.
Abstract The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion
From the Paper "The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."
Argues that over-prescribing anti-depressants world-wide could prevent rape survivors from seeking and receiving treatment for depression and other mental health diseases.
Abstract This paper contends that the skyrocketing number of prescriptions for anti-depressants recently has caused some to worry that patients, such as rape victims, who could benefit from the addition of medication in their recovery, might not be able to get the much-needed medicine.
From the Paper "The recent FDA decision regarding SSRI's (Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors) has caused the medical community to scale down anti-depressant prescriptions in recent months. This project in intended to shed light on the growing problem of over-prescribing anti-depressants and the effects that ultimately could prevent rape survivors from receiving the much needed medications they need for recovery."
Abstract This is a paper on the recent developments behind the ACPA. The paper includes: a brief history behind the development of the ACPA, a definition of what a "cybersquatter" is and why the ACPA is needed, a thorough discussion of how the law determines liability under the ACPA, real world examples where people were prosecuted under the provisions of the ACPA, remedies available to people suing under the ACPA and criticisms of the ACPA.
From the Paper "The ACPA seems to have been a gallant attempt on the part of legislators to address a problem which when the Act was initially drafted, probably appeared to be a much more grave problem than it is today. With the not-so-sudden realization by many companies that they cannot depart from traditional business ideals (i.e. making a profit) simply because they host websites on the Internet, "cybersquatting" may have had its heyday in the late 1990?s. Still, the ACPA is premised upon well-recognized principles of Trademark Law, which seek to protect consumers, while distinguishing and identifying the sources of specific goods. In that sense, the ACPA fulfills the objectives of the legislators by attempting to discourage individuals from using domain marks improperly, while at the same time requiring plaintiffs to demonstrate that the use in question was accomplished in bad faith."
Abstract This paper looks at the best ways to develop, engage, and manage the intellectual capital of an organization. The paper also emphasizes that an understanding of the needs of the organization, the industry, and the market is the most effective way of harnessing a business's intellectual capital.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Discussion
Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management
Types of Intellectual Capital
Intellectual Capital and Worker Motivation
Hindrances Towards the Development of Intellectual Capital
Intellectual Capital and Adaptation of Technology
The New Age Worker
From the Paper "It is estimated that 80% of all global organizations have some form of 'Knowledge and intellectual capital management' models implemented in their operations; 96% predict that they will do so in the next five years. (Kulik, 2000) In addition, 25% of organizations had a chief knowledge (management) officer. Approximately, 53% had knowledge and intellectual capital management staff and a dedicated knowledge and intellectual capital management budget. It has been observed that variables such as personal cognitive styles and local customs and beliefs may affect the models and implementations of any intellectual capital and knowledge management program. It is critical therefore, to understand the local culture and beliefs and their influence on how the local society places emphasis on knowledge and the application of this knowledge to the industry."
Abstract This essay is an in-depth analysis of file-sharing technology (Napster, Kazaa) and its relation to modern intellectual property laws. In order to structure the analysis, theoretical work from two prominent communications scholars - Harold Innis and James Carey - is employed. These authors divided media into two types: Innis categorized media as either time-biased or space biased, while Carey said media was either ritual or transmission. Ritual/time-biased media resist control and intellectual property laws, and file-sharing networks are ritual and time-biased. This essay defines the medium of file-sharing networks, intellectual property, the terms used by Innis and Carey, and shows how the nature of the medium explains why intellectual property laws are ignored on file-sharing networks.
From the paper:
"From a modern, literate, perspective the current economic and legal debate over file-sharing is a teeming with contradictions. Most people find the thought of shoplifting a CD repugnant, yet many of those same people wouldn"t hesitate to borrow a copy from a friend or download a song from a complete stranger. What is the cause of this dichotomy" Can one be a consumer and a thief at the same time? This essay proposes that answers can be found by examining the media in question. Most modern investigation of this subject, critical and legal, is rooted in one specific perspective, but media scholars like Harold Innis and James Carey have in fact proposed two. Logically and historically, intellectual property rights appear in one and not the other. The following pages will define the medium in question and the two perspectives. Next these definitions will be used to place the medium in the most appropriate frame. Once the medium is categorized, the work of Innis and Carey will be applied to show how the nature of the medium determines the role of intellectual property."
