Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the anti-imperialist tradition in the United States and argues that it is the most noble type of foreign policy to follow. The paper also traces the roots of the U.S. anti-imperialist ideology and looks at where the country has veered from an anti-imperialist foreign policy towards a policy that favors meddling in the affairs of other countries. The paper argues that pursuing an imperialist foreign policy betrays the lofty ideals upon which the U.S. was founded.

From the Paper
"While the pro-imperialists saw the imperialism as economically and strategically beneficial for the country, the anti-imperialists considered it a betrayal of the country's lofty ideals and felt that the policy ran counter to America's founding ideology. They also believed that a democratic republic such as the United States could not be an empire and reasoned that if the country kept its empire the republic would fall. (Zwick, 1996-"Imperialists and...") American Imperialism at the time was also a manifestation of racism and a reflection of the theory of "the white man's burden" advanced by imperialist writers such as Rudyard Kipling. Andrew Carnegie, a member of the Anti-Imperialist League, gave a fitting response to expansionists who felt that the Americans had a duty to occupy Philippines in order to "civilize" the Filipinos, by remarking: "Congratulations. You seem to have about finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos. It is thought that about eight thousand of them have been completely civilized and sent to heaven." (Zwick in "An American Anti-Imperialist ....")"

Tags:ideology, war, of, independence, power, founding, fathers, military, economic, strength

Abstract
This paper looks at Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" from a historical perspective and argues that Conrad's views were both anti-imperialist and stereotypical as well as racist of the West and non-West.

From the Paper
"Conrad's work examines the struggles between civilization and savagery, nature and progress, cannibalism against culture, Christianity versus magic: all these opposites and others battle in the dense undergrowth of the narrative. Although it may seem that in Heart of Darkness, Conrad is expressing anti-imperialist sentiment, a deeper theme may lie beneath. Conrad may be critiquing society as a whole, using imperialism as a means because it was the strongest example of what was evil in society in his time. Thus, by examining Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness in its historical context, it is evident that Conrad's views are both anti-imperialist and stereotypical and racist of the West and non-West. "

Tags:anti, congo, imperialist, non, stereotypical, west

Abstract
The paper relates that an aspect of neo-colonialism that is of particular interest is the role of women in anti-imperialist struggles. The paper asserts that while some might argue that this is not surprising as women have often been involved in revolutionary movements, and so this is truly an "aspect of neo-colonialism," evidence suggests that this is not truly the case. The paper suggests that it may be argued that the operations of neo-colonialism seem to particularly foster women's engagement in the struggle.

From the Paper
"An aspect of neo-colonialism that is of particular interest is the role of women in anti-imperialist struggles. While some might argue that this is not surprising as women have often been involved in revolutionary movements, and so this is truly an "aspect of neo-colonialism," evidence suggests that this is not truly the case. It may be argued that the operations of neo-colonialism seem to particularly foster women's engagement in the struggle."

Tags:postcolonial, women, media

Abstract
Edgar Lee Masters was both a poet and essayist. This essay explores his anti-imperialist and populist views but focuses primarily on his poetry. It begins with a short biography and develops views on his writing as well as
providing details about his life, death and epitaph writing style.

Tags:across, anthology, epitaph, river, spoon

Abstract
This paper likens Mark Twain's anti-imperialist stance in the latter part of the nineteenth century to the protesters of the sixties in response to Vietnam, or the anti-war demonstrators of today. It shows that the sentiments are eerily familiar; the arguments stand the test of time. The paper introduces Mark Twain through a biography and then covers his anti-imperialistic theories. It examines his critics and then shows how his views are relevant today.

Table of Contents:
Mark Twain on War and Imperialism
Introduction
Biography
Twain's Anti-Imperialist Theories
Criticisms of Twain
Relevance to Current Events
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Newspapers and magazines responded to "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" for a solid month. For nearly half of the remainder of the year, satirical cartoons and editorials appeared randomly throughout the country. Twain's reputation was altered during the twilight of his life. From humorist and novelist, Twain was transformed into a political reformer and outspoken critic. The critic then became the recipient of criticism. Twain's "Defense of General Funston" denounced the capture of Filipino General Aguinaldo by deceptive practices under the leadership of General Funston. This essay was featured in the North American Review in May of 1902. When the U.S. Philippine's Commission established the treason act in the same year, Twain had said he'd rather be labeled a traitor than to be labeled as a Patriot and classified with the Funstons. Just weeks before, Funston had delivered a speech in New York City in which he called for anti-imperialist writers to be "hanged for treason"."

Tags:Samuel, Langhorne, Clemens, Civil, War, Anti-Imperialist, League, Spanish-American, War

Abstract
This paper argues that an older style of imperialism, based on the military occupation of other lands, is as untenable today as it was in the early 1900s. While the idea of spreading democracy to other lands is laudable, the result is more likely to be human rights abuses and resentment in the colonies, as well as the neglect of important problems at home.

From the Paper
"To maintain its status as the lead industrialized nation, American manufacturers needed markets. Rather than compete with their more established counterparts in European countries, the industries thus turned to China, which was nicknamed "our new Far West" (Jacobson 9). Towards this goal, the American government acquired other countries like Hawaii and the Philippines as stepping-stones to the Chinese market."

Tags:civilizing, missions, cooperation, occupation, human, rights, abuses, colonies, foreign, relations, world, power

Abstract
In his novel, "Heart of Darkness", Joseph Conrad exposes the reality of imperialistic rule and shows the world the true picture of the white man's 'enlightenment' projects in the 'savage' world. This paper shows how Conrad viewed imperialism as an intrusion by corrupt and ignorant white men, who left a profoundly negative mark on colonies and destroyed them in the most barbaric manner possible.

From the Paper
"Prior to his trip to Congo, Joseph Conrad had also been under the same false impression of imperialism being a good influence. The savage world of Africa actually represented to him a romantic fantasy land. However nothing could be farther from the truth as Conrad's tour of Congo proved. This psychological damaging trip to Congo brought an "end to the idealized realities of a boy's daydreams!"(Conrad, 25) His melancholic visit to the heart of darkness prompted him to pour out his observations and details of his experience in this novel, which turned into a classic almost instantly."

Tags:marlow, congo

Abstract
Discusses anti-democratic factors. Democratic ethos. Issue of national self-determination. Fear of imperialist domination by the Central Powers. Policital process; lack of political participation. Impact of European anarchists. Impetus towards war of policy makers. Attack-based war strategy. Democratic sttes resistance to military action. Democratic nation-state equivocation. Power policitcs. Gamesmanship of Britain and Europe.

From the Paper
"One of the most easily made arguments in favor of the view that World War I could have been avoided if all belligerents were democracies is the historical record: It was not, and they were not, and those facts help explain why the war came about. This was a period in which democracy had not exactly won the war of ideas among Europe's rulers or the institutions of European governance. It has also been said that communism, the antidemocratic ideology that supplanted absolute monarchy in Europe where constitutional democracies did not and that survived the Great War for most of the 20th century, nevertheless itself eventually fell to "the superior strength of a rival body of ideas, free-market democracy, which was powerful enough to hold together the 16 countries of the West's alliance through all the ..."

Abstract
This paper examines the development of nationalism in modern China, from the Han response to the Qing government to anti-imperialist agitation and republicanism under the guidance of Sun Yatsen. It looks briefly at the New Culture Movement and the role of secret societies such as the Tongmeng hui.

From the paper:

"Nationalism has been a defining ideology in the creation of Modern China, promoted at first by a series of secret societies, and later by both the Guomingdang and the Chinese Communist Party to achieve different ends. It was central to the early student movements, and the May Fourth Movement, and nationalism was the first of Sun Yatsen's Three Principles of the People. In its early stages, Chinese nationalism was based on ethnic and racial identity, and centered on Han identity, however over time the significance of ethnic identity has decreased. Foreign influence in the conceptualization of Chinese nationalism has been problematic to developing a clear understanding of the movement; despite this, nationalism developed in a particularly Chinese manner."

Tags:anti, culture, han, imperialism, manchu, qing, secret, societies, sun, treaties, yatsen

Abstract
This paper examines the narrative, syntactic devices, and imagery in the novel "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad. The author examines the novella's psychological journey and argues against past criticisms of its racist and anti-imperialist tone.

From the Paper
"In the historical context in which it was written, Heart of Darkness seems to be responding to the monstrous activity that was occurring overseas in the mysterious "Dark Continent." In the late 1800's, about the time Joseph Conrad wrote the novella, King Leopold of Belgium and other European nations invaded Africa with the goal of converting the natives to Christianity and stripping the continent of its rich supply of ivory. In effect, the "civilizing" of the Africans developed into a cruel exploitation of their labor and perversion of the land. The anti-imperialistic voice of Marlow, as told by an unknown narrator, resonates with the growing anxiety over the Empire; but his savage portrayal of the Congolese pervades the narrative with a racist tone. Since the issue of British imperialism entails African slavery, the position that many critics take, that Conrad is anti-imperialistic and yet racist, would have to be eradicated in order to avoid a contradiction. Conrad honors these contradictions by intentionally confusing questions of race, black and white, good and evil, civilized and savage. Therefore, the heartless portrayal of the empire is not necessarily a literal commentary on history; rather Marlow's journey through the mysterious Congo is a metaphorical mapping of the inner workings of human nature in the absence of the imposed restraints of society."

Tags:anti, congo, imperialism, marlow, slavery