Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of medicine's inability to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance, the final technical obstacle to bringing face transplants into widespread clinical application. The paper presents an overview of historic and current immunological research - from the use of chimerism, to the use of monoclonal antibodies to control T-cell activation - and its role in future prospects for a non-pharmaceutical strategy for tolerance induction in humans. The paper highlights studies that have examined tolerance in recipients of composite tissue allografts (CTAs), with emphasis on studies using animal models involving skin allografts, and with the intent of providing insight into the issues presented by transplantation of a face. It includes graphs and photographs to illustrate this.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
CTA Study Goals
Antigenicity of Facial Allograft Components
Immune Tolerance and Chimerism
T-cells: Activation and Blockage
Memory Cells: The Ghost in the Immune Machine
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Investigators are exploring several strategies in an attempt to provide medicine with safe and effective pharmaceuticals and clinical protocols for inducing tolerance after transplant. These include creating and using chimerism, and developing targeted bio-engineered monoclonal antibodies to inactivate or destroy T cells. This review, in its overview of historical and current immunological research, provides insight into the development of a T-cell-based strategy from a basic understanding of chimerism. This review also highlights studies that examine tolerance in recipients of CTA transplants, with specific emphasis on those using skin allograft animal models."

Tags:medical, operation, plastic, surgery, anti-immune, system

Abstract
This paper summarizes the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress. It suggests some ongoing problems in American public life which demonstrate the main issues which drove that debate, far from being resolved during the constitution's ratification, continue to resonate in current events. This paper discusses the Ratification Debate and the major issues which drove the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-federalists: Distribution of power, protection of rights, limitations of institutions and the ongoing Relevance.

From the Paper
"In the last few days of September in 1787, the Confederation Congress met to debate and construct a new Constitution of the United States. The document they wrote and sent for ratification to the thirteen states that made up the newly-formed country was intended to replace the Articles of Confederation that had ordered the nation since its inception. The nation was reaching a crisis point, as the experiment had been going poorly. Surprisingly, perhaps, the problem was not one of the many possible economic problems that new nations are likely to experience when reconstructing after a long and difficult war. As Gordon Wood (1969) argues, the general economy was running well and people felt comfortable and even prosperous (p. 395). Rather, the concerns that brought the nation's leading politicians together were primarily political. "

Tags:anti, federalists, constitutional, debate

Abstract
This paper discusses how in terms of ideologies, actions, and goals that exist, or should exist in order for the anti-globalization movement to develop into a successful global social movement, there is general agreement that there must be a greater emphasis on social and political issues such as gender equality, and economic issues such as product music and entertainment product copyright protection. The paper further discusses that these are only two of a multitude of important issues that need to be addressed, but they reflect the anti-globalization movement's fundamental goal of protecting the social, political, and economic rights of individuals, groups, and societies as globalization expands. For example, globalization has presented many challenges and opportunities for the transnational women's movement.

Tags:anti, globalization, issues, analysis

Abstract
The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."

Tags:punk, anti-fascist, movement, violent

Abstract
This paper first relates the history of antibodies from the time of Behring and Kitasato, in 1890, who demonstrated that it is possible to neutralize a fatal dose of the diphtheria toxin, to Milstein and Kohler, in 1975, who produced in-vitro "custom-built" antibodies. The paper then differentiates between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and explores the production of monoclonals. The paper concludes by investigating the use of monoclonal antibodies as immnosuppresents, angiogenesis inhibitors and anti-tumor agents and future developments. Two colored illustrations are included in the paper.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Antibodies
Types of Antibody, Their Structure and Effects
Difference between Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies
Production of Monoclonals
Hybridoma
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunosuppressive Agents
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Anti-Tumor Agents
Top 10 Monoclonal Drugs
Future Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another new technology, which will be used in the future, is antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology. ADCs are monoclonal antibodies, which carries potent, cell-killing drugs. Developed by Seattle Genetics, this technology uses antibodies attached to synthetic drugs by linker systems. These linker systems are designed in such a way that they remain stable while passing through the bloodstream, and once inside the target cells, release the required drug. As a result, nearby normal cells are spared and it thus, does not cause any unwanted toxic effects of chemotherapy."

Tags:glycoproteins, immune system, classes, hybrid hybridoma, antibody-drug conjugate

Abstract
This paper explains that the herpes virus is a member of a family of viruses causing Epstein-Barr, also called infectious mononucleosis; varicella zoster, also called shingles; HSV-1, affecting the oral regions of the body; and HSV-2, affecting the genitals. The author points out that the treatment protocol for most forms of herpes is the same; presently there is no cure for herpes, although some drugs, including antivirals, are being used to reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks. The paper relates that stress has been identified as one of the triggers that may cause recurrent outbreaks of herpes in patients; therefore, stress management may be an effective technique for lessening the impact of herpes.

Table of Contents
Introduction
General Overview
HSV-1
HSV-2
Shingles Varicella Zoster
Epstein Barr
Primary Treatment
Anti-Virals
Living with Herpes
Conclusion

From the Paper
"HSV-1 or oral herpes is one of the most common forms of herpes simplex, affecting up to 80 percent of the population. HSV-1 is commonly referred to as oral herpes, fever blisters or cold sores. They are highly contagious. It is also one of the most dreaded forms of herpes, because the symptoms affect a persons face, which is highly visible to the public. Signs and symptoms of HSV-1 include small, fluid filled red and painful blisters on an area of the skin, usually on the lips, mouth, chin and nasal region."

Tags:varicella, immune, chickenpox, vaccines, blisters

Abstract
This paper explains that stem cells intended for use in human applications are harvested from humans, umbilical cords, and embryos, and are so valuable because they are master cells with the capability to produce or "become" any other cell type. The author points out that the reason for the discourse surrounding the topic of stem cells is the fact that the most promising source of stem cells is human fetal tissue; thus, many who hold anti-abortion views find this practice to be highly immoral and repugnant. The paper relates that the problem with umbilical cord stem cells is the small amount that can be harvested from any particular cord; adult stem cells, which pale in comparison to the ability of embryonic cells to differentiate into specialized cells, can be used for research.

From the Paper
"Of course, most people know the origin of human life begins with the sperm fertilizing the egg. After this, a single cell is created that holds all of the genetic information needed to form the entire human body. This cell divides and redivides over several days until these cells (known as totipotent, or as having "total potential") begin to specialize into the formation known as the "blastocyst," which has a hollow sphere of cells, and a cluster of inner cells (the inner cell mass). While the outer cells of this blastocyst proceed to form the placenta, the cells within the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues and organs of the human body. It is these cells that are harvested to research stem cells."

Tags:diseases, master, immune, umbilical, embryos

Abstract
Aloe gel is perhaps the most widely recognized herbal remedy in the United States today, used to relieve thermal burn and sunburn, promote wound healing and moisturize and soften skin. Everyone who uses it seems convinced that it works and its millennia of use for the same conditions support that assumption. The paper shows that, in addition, recent research suggests that aloe gel can help stimulate the body's immune system. However, the way aloe works is not yet fully understood. The paper presents an overview of this fascinating plant.

Paper Outline:
Background
Antiseptic
Anti-Inflammatory
Anti-viral, Anti-bacterial
Whole-Leaf Aloe Concentrate
Aloe as Laxative
Using Aloe
Growing Aloe Vera
Grow and Heal
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Aloe vera linne or Aloe Barbadensis Miller is a succulent from the Aloe family (400 different species !) with its origin in the African continent. Its thick leaves contain the water supply for the plant to survive long periods of drought. These leaves have a high capacity of retaining the water also in very warm and dry climates and therefore this plant can survive very harsh circumstances where most other vegetation disappears."

Tags:moisterizer, gel, lectin, polysaccharides

Abstract
The use of marijuana on college campuses is one of the most contentious issues facing the academic world today. Marijuana is widely used within American society, despite widespread anti-drug lobbies and prevention campaigns. This paper shows that the effects of marijuana have been said to include effects on memory, negative social effects and health effects like cancer, immune damage, and respiratory problems. Additionally, anti-marijuana groups often point to marijuana as a ?gateway? drug and note that marijuana use can potentially be dangerous while driving. The paper shows, however, in contrast, many scientists contend that marijuana is largely misunderstood and may have many positive medical uses. Given this debate, it becomes difficult to determine how marijuana use should be regulated or prevented, especially given the stunning inability of current approaches to stop the growth of marijuana use among young people. The paper shows that decriminalization of the drug is one likely candidate, coupled with stiff penalties for driving under the influence of marijuana or selling marijuana to children. The complexities of the political, social, and scientific aspects of this debate ensure that the problem of marijuana use on college campuses will not be easily solved.

From the Paper
"Many scientists and drug experts argue that marijuana is a deeply misunderstood drug. In fact, Rosenthal, Kubby, and Newhart argue that marijuana is "one of the most benign substances known to man." They suggest that the current criminalization of marijuana came from needlessly worried parents and liquor and pharmaceutical companies that were worried about losing market share. They argue that most of the evidence against marijuana is either misinterpreted or false. Further, they argue that the government's anti-drug policy is driven by political and social reasoning, rather than any strong scientific evidence of the dangers of marijuana use (Rosenthal, Kubby, and Newhart). Further, Earleywine and Marlatt provide some convincing evidence that marijuana use does not impair the grade of college students who use the drugs."

Tags:NIDA, joints, cannabis

Abstract
This paper discusses the various phytonutrients and their structures contained in the mangosteen, acai and goji berry. Following this, a detailed discussion is provided on how these various phytonutrients can be applied to health issues ranging from cardiovascular disorders to cancer.


Table of Contents:
Definition of Free-Radical/Oxidation and Antioxidant
Phytonutrient Examination
Mangosteen
Acai
Goji
How Antioxidants Work in Relation to Illness
Anti-Aging
Skin Disorders and Allergies
Immune System
Cancer
Cardiovascular
Diabetes
Weight Control
Cholesterol
Synergy

From the Paper
"The primary antioxidants contained in mangosteen are referred to as xanthone that Rothstein (2006) claims are a new classification of antioxidants. Templeman (2003) describes them as stable "six carbon conjugated ring structures" that can be transported from cell to cell and bind to other xanthones. There are over 200 xanthones in nature, with over 37 having been identified within the mangosteen rind alone. Each xanthone has its own specific purpose. For example, gamma mangostin has anti-inflammatory properties and Garcinone E carries anti-tumor properties."

Tags:free-radical, phytonutrients, beta-carotene, pharmacokinetic, vitamins