Abstract
The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."

Tags:punk, anti-fascist, movement, violent

Abstract
This paper discusses anti-Fascists female writers during Mussolini's dictatorship in Italy. In particular, the paper focuses on the life and writing of Alba De Cespedes, but also discusses other writers such as Natalia Ginzburg, who was born Natalya Levi. The paper discusses the challenges that these writers faced and describes how they risked their lives through their literature to give other women the opportunities in which they so believed.

From the Paper
"The most important part of Fascism in regard to feminism and the feminist movement of female writers in Italy is that this was a time when women were consciously attempting to find their identity. Not only find, but they wanted to renegotiate and extend those parameters of identity - in both a personal way and also a literary way (Panizza, 174). While female writers in other countries - such as Virginia Woolf in England - were searching for a room of their own, it was Italian women who were searching for basic rights - yearning to be heard, yearning to be able to express themselves the way that men were able to. De Cespedes, Ginzburg, and many other Italian writers of this era were heroes who literally risked their lives to give other women the opportunities that they so believed in. Their writings, while risque and controversial at the time, have gone down in history as great works that set women free both in a historical sense and a literary sense."

Tags:identity, resistance, freedom

Abstract
This paper argues that, due to insufficient governmental experience, questions raised about the legitimacy of his American birth, his questionable motives and ethics, and a plethora of controversies, Barack Obama is unqualified to be the American President. The writer suggests that Obama's reluctance or inability to produce a valid birth certificate may only be the tip of the iceberg and points to Obama's connections with Tony Rezco, a convicted governmental corrupter, and Bill Ayers, leader of a radical terrorist organization, as examples of illicit activities.

From the Paper
"The most obvious qualification for a presidential candidate is formal experience, a glaring omission on Barack Obama's resume. USA Today lists his total applicable experience as three years in the U.S. Senate, seven years in the Illinois Senate, and one stirring keynote address at a Democratic National Convention (Keen). Half of a Senatorial term and a handful of years in state government hardly qualify a politician for party leverage, let alone the highest office in the land. Even Democratic leaders, such as party chairman Matt Pearson, recognize his greenness saying "He could use a little more experience...it's just not his time yet" (Keen). With major Democratic players discrediting his resume, how can anyone justify Obama's rawness?"

Tags:Constitutional, presidency, bipartisanship, documentation, fascist, demographic, illegal, unqualified

Abstract
This paper discusses colonialism and anti-colonial nationalism in India and describes some of the features and processes inherent therein.

From the Paper
"Colonialism and anti-colonial nationalism in India were the result of historical processes that pre-existed. Prior to colonialism Indiafound itself in a state of anarchy, lawlessness and arbitrary despotism, which as Chatterjee points out was a central element in the ideological justification of British colonial rule. The British, from their Western perspective, deemed Indian social customs degenerate and barbaric, a view that prompted them to undertake colonialism as a civilizing mission. (Chatterjee) Abhorring the long list of atrocities perpetrated on Indian..."

Tags:colonialism, anti-colonial, nationalism, India, British

Abstract
This paper underscores the difficult task of understanding the German memory formations post WWII because they deviated from German historical, political and cultural traditions. Next, the author analyzes three sources, which reveal that the denial and lack of recognition surrounding the anti-Semitic foundations of Nazi ideology have yet to be resolved into the various memories and interpretations of participating nations in World War II. The paper concludes that these sources indicate that the absence of German responsibility, blame and guilt in these memories formed after World War II suggests the immediate need for social cohesion and political legitimization.

From the Paper
"The universal declaration of Nazi responsibility of the Second World War as well as the conclusion of denazification formed the official version of history, according to Tony Judt in "The Past is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Post-War Europe". The division of Germany resulted in the reconstruction of the West and a communist unification in the East. The desire for nations to form a cohesive nation and legitimate governmental authority facilitated distorted and nationalist memories to perpetuate and antisemitism remained a low priority."

Tags:falsehood denazification, collective blame, anti-fascist restorations

Abstract
This paper analyzes the mass murder of Hungarian Jewry during World War II, and concludes that it was only possible with the cooperation of Hungarians working with the Nazi occupiers. The author traces the history of Jews in Hungary, citing that they had influential roles in government, industry and culture. The paper then shows how the Hungarians slowly started to assist Hitler with his final solution, citing the rise of fascist movements in Hungary during the war. The paper also addresses the troubling story of Rudolph Kasztner and his deal with Eichmann to save a small number of Hungarian Jews. The author concludes that the Holocaust in Hungary involved a set of circumstances where a people with rooted anti-Semitic views bent to the pressure of their Nazi occupiers.

From the Paper
"The typical Hungarian Jew lived in relative safety for many of the years of World War II compared to the millions of other Jews being killed at the hands of the Nazis. There are several reasons for this, first and foremost being that from October 1940 until March 1944 Hungary was an ally of Germany, providing Germany with raw materials and even participating in the invasion of Russia. Although Hitler did prod Hungarian leaders on the Jewish Question, he was very cautious. This cautious attitude stemmed partly from the fact that Jews in Hungary had been granted citizen status since their emancipation in 1867 and also the fact that the Jews of Hungary had a large role in the community and economy of Hungary."

Tags:Shoah, Eastern Europe, anti-Semitism, Adolph Eichmann

Abstract
This paper examines the rise of neo-fascism in many parts of Europe, especially following the collapse of the former Soviet Union during the early 1990s. The paper argues that this trend was largely in response to many of the same issues that fueled its origins prior to World War II, such as the scarcity of resources, ethnocentristic views, and the use of force to achieve national goals. The paper claims that, with the unification of Europe, the last few years have witnessed an increase in ultra-right-wing political parties across Europe in response to many of these same conditions. The paper provides an assessment of the degree to which Europe witnessed a return of fascist politics in the 1980s and 1990s. It also takes a look at why anti-immigrant political parties and leaders have attracted substantial support in these recent decades, and whether they represent a new manifestation of fascism or something fundamentally different. The paper concludes that anti-immigration politicians and those willing to sacrifice democratic principles in favor of force to achieve their political goals will continue to represent a force to be reckoned with by the national leaders of the European Union.

From the Paper
"Today, fascism has raised its ugly head once again for many of the same reasons that fueled its growth in the 20th century. In this regard, this brand of fascism is more reflective of its mid-20th century roots than merely being something "undesirable." According to Ignazi (2003), "The extreme right has so far consolidated its presence all over Western Europe. The reason for this breakthrough is multifaceted: from the emergence of new unaccounted issues to the creeping crisis of representation; from the emergence of proto-charismatic figures in the extreme right, well knit with the growing personalization of politics, to the increasing political and societal alienation and the dissatisfaction for traditional features of the political system and for politics as such" (2)."

Tags:capitalism, extreme, right, right-wing, liberal, conservative

Abstract
The paper attempts to show that Plato's ethical theories provides for a theory of warfare and can be seen to support the ethics of counter-terrorism. The paper discusses how Plato's view of ethics, as it is explicated in the ideal of a just society, is based on an ethical and philosophical concept of order and the ideal of the correct way to live. The paper relates that Plato's idealistic philosophy has been severely criticized from many quarters in the twentieth and present centuries. The paper explains that it is often seen as anti-democratic, autocratic and even fascist. The paper maintains that, nevertheless, the ethical principles that he propounds have potential value for our often self-destructive and disintegrating modern world.

From the Paper
"For Plato in The Republic and elsewhere, "Virtue is order." (Plato and Platonism) This is a foundational theme that runs through his ethics. This sense of virtue also can be seen to justify warfare when placed in the context of the perfect society, as it reflects the virtuous order of the rational human being. However, one has to explore Plato's thought to understand terms like justice and order in the context of his overarching philosophical theory. In order to understand these ethical concepts one has to establish the relationship between these terms and the central issue in his philosophy; namely the relationship between the ideal and the real in the theory of Forms."

Tags:justice, order, virtue, philosophy, modern

Abstract
This paper is an examination of the nature of fascism and then focuses on the rise of fascism in Austria. The paper finds that fascism was largely without a coherent philosophy, and consisted of a glorification of the past while claiming to look to the future. The paper notes that it was fundamentally anti-democratic, which led to its failure in Britain, France, and the Nordic states. The paper discusses how in Austria, the fascists formed a private army which did thug work for industrialists and anti-socialists, but this party was eventually overwhelmed by the Nazis.

From the Paper
"In the period between World War I and World War II in Europe, fascists in several countries struggled to overpower traditional conservatives. Fascism had strong roots and was firmly linked to the history of each country. Although claiming to look to the future, fascism invariably included a glorification of the past, generally a mythical past. In power, the fascists looked to support from the industrialists and big landowners. (Woolf, 3) Fascism generally was the radical right; conservatives represented the..."

Tags:austria, fascism, interwar

Abstract
This paper looks at the film "The Spirit of the Beehive" by analyzing its use of Frankenstein as an opening to the film and subsequent scenes and how this effects the viewers and the characters in the main film. It also looks at this specific tool of "a film within a film".

From the Paper
Victor Erice s film The Spirit of the Beehive, presents the audience with images of the film Frankenstein. The introduction of Frankenstein serves two purposes in the film. First, the film Frankenstein acts as a Greek chorus in the movie. The film within a film directs attention and comments on action. Secondly, the film Frankenstein introduces a monster that is a symbolic representation of Franco.

Tags:anti, beehive, devices, erice, fascist, film, franco, review, spirit, victor