Abstract
This paper explains that, in Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", the Prologue and subsequent Tale of "The Wife of Bath" section make the most blatant use of a persona, or mask, in comparison to the other pilgrims' sections when The Wife presents herself as a feminist; however, she is actually an anti-feminist. The author points out that, before the Wife begins the story of her experiences with men, she inserts a disclaimer that gives more insight into her possible motives: She tells the pilgrims not to be annoyed at what she says because it is all according to her fantasy. The paper argues that the Wife is hiding behind a facade of feminism, which is the very persona that she presents through her personal experiences by using the textual authority and the undertones of her story to present her true feelings about women's subservience to men.

From the Paper
"After reading the Prologue and Tale, some could arrive at the aforementioned feminist conclusion. Unfortunately, they wouldn't be reading into the true heart of things if they did. In the Prologue, there is an excerpt that totally turns things around. The Wife makes quite an observation after she mentions the book of wicked wives; "Who peyntede the leon, tel me who? / By God, if wommen hadde writen stories, / As clerkes han withinne hire oratories, / They wolde han writen of men moore wikkednesse / Than al the mark of Adam may redresse" (III, ls. 692-695). She is referring to an old Aesop's Fable, in which a lion and a man come across a stone portrayal of a hunter killing a lion; the lion tells the man that if a lion would've portrayed the scene, it would be the other way around ("The Man and the Lion")."

Tags:prologue, persona, textual-authority, undertones, subservience

Abstract
This paper explains that the Financial Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) was formed by the G-7 nations as an intergovernmental task force to examine money laundering trends, techniques and past AML actions and to develop new, more effective measures for implementation into anti-money laundering (AML) systems. The author points out that, although Switzerland and the U.K. have developed intricate AML systems as describe in this paper, the U.S.'s enforcement oriented AML system is the international leader. The paper recommends that AML systems could be strengthened by investigating and prosecuting money laundering activity in connection with every criminal offense, which is often associated with money laundering, such as terrorism, corruption and tax evasion This paper includes tables and graphs.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Money Laundering
Trends in Money Laundering
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: International Standards
History of the Development of Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: The United Kingdom
Anti-Money Laundering Systems: Switzerland
The Future of Money Laundering and Anti-Money Laundering Systems
Switzerland vs. the U.K.: How Effective are Their AML Systems?
Appendix 1: Country Page - Switzerland, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 2: Country Page - the United Kingdom, IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum
Appendix 3: FATF - The Forty Recommendations

From the Paper
"It is important to understand past trends in methods for money laundering in order to predict and prevent the development of future methods. This is gained through an in-depth understanding of the prevalence and evolution of money laundering methods and their current and emerging trends. The identification of trends ensures that money laundering methods are understood and that action is taken to comprehend other key factors involved, such as context. Through its typologies effort, the FATF emphasized the identification and description of money laundering trends both at the worldwide level and on a more systematic basis."

Tags:terrorism, enforcement, solidarity, conviction, standards

Abstract
This research offers a critical approach to different anti-terrorism measures, that are or were used by democratic states in the 20th century. The author provides a descriptive approach based on the existing academic literature on terrorism and democratic states.

Table Of Contents


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Abstract and Acknowledgments p. i
Table Of Contents p. ii
Introduction: Describing Terrorism In Function Of Its Finality p. 1
Anti -Terrorism Measures: An Overview p. 7
Proactive, Reactive And Preemptive Measures p. 8
Specific Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 11
Legal Measures: Emergency Or Exception Legislation p. 11
Definition Of New Penal Offenses p. 11
Creation Of State Security Or Anti-Terrorism Courts p. 12
Extension Of Law Enforcement Powers p. 13
Critical Comments On Legislative Anti-Terrorism Measures p. 14
Security Measures p. 16
Target Hardening p. 16
Anti-Terrorism Intelligence p. 17
Involvement Of The Military p. 20
Conclusion: Lessons Learned p. 25
The Need For A Good Definition p. 27
The Illusion Of A No-Compromise Policy p. 28
Law Enforcement And Intelligence Services Should Concentrate On The Financing Of Terrorism p. 29
Accepting A Certain Level Of Terrorism p. 30
Addendum: In Terms Of European Security p. 31
Bibliography p. 33

From the Paper
"The problem of defining terrorism is probably the most difficult tasks facing students of terrorism. I are therefore hesitant to add to the considerable volume that has been written on this specific subject. This first section will briefly discuss several definitional aspects of the social phenomenon we call terrorism. Interestingly, the first time the term terrorism was used, it referred to state-terrorism or terrorism from above. The regime of the Jacobins, between March 1793 and July 1794 received the qualification of "system regime de la terreur", referring to the many executions that occurred during the French Revolution. The term implied an organized system of coercion, based on fear and violence. However, with exception maybe of the two latter elements, it can easily be said that terrorism has no such specific meaning today. The term is used and abused quite frequently, for political and ideological purposes alike. A variety of situations and actions are labeled terrorist. Yet another considerable problem is the fact that a majority of terrorism definitions have been designed in the specific purpose of fitting a particular ideology."

Tags:law, politics, terrorism, fight, terror, violence, war

Abstract
This paper discusses the rise of anti-Americanism in recent years. The author demonstrates that while these anti-Americanism feelings are not entirely new, events in the last two decades, such as the collapse of the World Trade Center, the invasion of Afghanistan and the Abu Ghraib Prison scandal, amongst others, have lead to the rise of anti-American feelings. The reputation of America as a unilateral and power hungry nation has also been reinforced abroad through events such as these. The paper examines the prevailing causes to this rising tide of anti-Americanism and tries to find out if a proper course of correction can be determined.

Ouline:
The Issue - How Should the U.S Deal with rising anti-Americanism
Background
What Policy Options Do We Have
Prognosis for the Future

From the Paper
" The collapse of the World Trade Center, the invasion of Afghanistan, the extended terms of detention at Guaantonimao Bay, the American Lead toppling of the Iraqi regime, and the Abu Grade Prison scandal. Each of these events has left a far-reaching impact on the persona of the United States abroad. The course of action that followed the events of September 11, 2001 was a continuation down the road of American power and unilateralism. The after effects of these actions have left a serious rift in Alliances between some of America's oldest and greatest allies and cast a dark shadow over America's image across the globe."

Tags:foreign relations, unilateralism politics

Abstract
This paper explains that German playwright Bertolt Brecht and English poet Wilfred Owen were both deeply personally impacted by war and both felt the need to express their anti-war sentiments and beliefs in their work. The author points out that, in Owen's anti-war poetry, war has destroyed an age of innocence; he express frustration about (1) innocent soldiers hardened by war and eventually killed in many cases, (2) the attitudes of civilians back home and (3) the way many simply ignored the tragic nightmare of the war. The paper relates that Brecht's perspective on war is similar to Owen's in that he is very anti-war; however, his perspective differs because he does not view civilians as ignorant but rather as interested in prolonging the war for their profit.

From the Paper
"Owen's poem appears to be inspired by the many deaths of soldiers he saw each day in the trenches of war. He starts the poem off, describing innocent young men being sent to war like cattle are sent to slaughter. He abandons his original views of war as heroic and glorious, and describes it as one large funeral where young soldiers are not given a proper goodbye. Instead of the typical church bells that are sounded when someone dies under ordinary circumstances, there are only the sounds of gunshots when a soldier dies, he writes."

Tags:personal, innocence, soldiers, attitude, profit

Abstract
This paper explains the concept of non-acceptable dumping into world markets that implies the selling of goods and services at a lesser price than the cost of production or below the level of prices being sold in the domestic market of the exporting country, the various types of dumping and the rationale for dumping. Next, the author presents the history of GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) and WTO (World Trade Organization) dumping legislation and the procedures used to resolve international trade conflicts. The paper reviews other major anti-dumping activities and the anti-dumping code that provide protection from any kind of dumping of goods and services by major developing countries.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Concept of Dumping
Types of Dumping
Rationale for Dumping
History of GATT/WTO Dumping Legislation
GATT/WTO Dumping Procedures
Anti-Dumping Legislation
Understanding Anti-Dumping Code
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As far as the WTO is concerned, it is another major international organization that governs the international trade. It was created in 1995, and can be regarded as one of the outcomes of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade talks. The Uruguay round which was full of complex negotiations was concluded in 1994, and can be regarded as a landmark in the history of trading systems. The rules of the trade policy games have also been established by the WTO for its members, and it includes the developing countries as well . At the time of writing such rules, the number of members stood at 144, and still there are more than 50 developing countries that are yet to join its membership."

Tags:china, lower prices, transparency non-discrimination evidence

Abstract
This paper questions whether the anti-war sentiment in the US shortened the Vietnam War. The author contends that protesters succeeded in creating a certain consciousness of war activities within the American public. It is argued that the public had only begun to question the war once it was apparent that it had continued for many years, and that there was some feeling that once committed, America could not withdraw without achieving victory. By analyzing the government's reaction to several anti-war incidences in US, the paper argues the government did not have a deep understanding of the anti-war sentiment. Therefore, the anti-war movement could not have impacted the war to such an extent as to shorten it.

From the Paper
"Vietnam was a situation that seemed to develop slowly in the consciousness of the American public so that much of the country seemed to discover rather suddenly that the nation was enmeshed in a growing war to which there seemed no end. In truth, America had been involved in Vietnam for many years before the issue became the catalyst for social protest and political reprisals in the U.S., and for much of that time the public ignored what was taking place. American involvement actually started in 1954, and at that time it was the French who had been caught in the Vietnamese quagmire (Chafe 259). Full American involvement was contemplated prior to 1954 and rejected, in part because Eisenhower did not believe that a military victory was possible because of the political situation in the region, since the people supported the Viet Minh and identified Ho Chi Minh as the leader of their independence movement (Scheer 274-275)."

Tags:media, foreign, policy, war, military

Abstract
This paper traces the growth of aggressive nationalism from the catalyst of the unification of the German at Versailles in 1871, to the emergence in the mid-19th century of liberal nationalism and to the expansionist ideas of Weltpolitk in the late 19th century. Next, the author relates the growth of anti-Semitism starting with the 1873 depression with propaganda featuring the stereotypical ideas of Jewish money-grabbers, the Volkish movement that led to the exclusion of certain races and religions particularly the Jews and the 1891formation of Pan German League, an ultra-nationalist group focused on imperialism, anti-Semitism and the 'Polish question'. The paper underscores that, during this time Germany could be considered a fairly liberal country as compared to France and Russia, which were more obvious hotbeds of anti-Semitism.

From the Paper
"There were many strong factors which prohibited the formation of this and which provided resistance to the formation of this German national spirit. The lateness of the industrial revolution in Germany and a lack of a revolution from the Middle classes (1848-49) only served to add to the already visible regional disparities by stunting the ability for the nation to progress naturally.
"Despite these factors, it can be argued that the seed of a German nationalism which would be recognisable today was planted by the hegemony of the French empire under Napoleon between 1804 and 1814. As occurs so often in history, the disastrous events of this period gave the people a common enemy in which to unite against and therefore for the first time created common ground between German Prince and peasant alike. This spirit of widespread togetherness would remain long after the banishment of Napoleon and would eventually develop into the strong German nationalism we see today. The unity wasn't limited to merely a patriotic Zeitgeist, but was actually manifested in policy, an example being the Zollverein, and institution which led to greatly improved economical unity and which also allowed the great German industrial valleys to be born.
"One form of nationalism to emerge in the mid-19th century was that of liberal nationalism which focused on the achievement of individual liberty of the people."

Tags:middle-classes, regional disparities, volkish movement, social darwinism, colonial empire

Abstract
This paper studies the actions and decisions of the Vichy government in France during World War II. The author of this paper asserts that French anti-Semitism -- particularly toward non-French Jews -- rivaled even that of the Nazi's. The paper chronicles specific decisions, including deportation orders, against children and the elderly, in particular. The author also looks at cultural and societal anti-Semitism, as manifested in posters/advertisements and public demonstrations.

From the Paper
"Three episodes involving Jewish children are remembered: The first and largest was the roundup at the Velodrome d'Hiver, where more than 4,000 Jewish children were arrested and kept in this cycling venue of the Paris region. "It was carried out exclusively by the French police in the summer of 1942. "None of the thousands of children deported following these police raids survived." The second was a roundup of Jews in Lyon, headed by the now infamous Klaus Barbie. They took 44 Jewish children, all of which were murdered. The third episode was the raiding of Jewish Children's homes in the Paris area. This happened shortly before the liberation of Paris. 250 children were seized, deported and murdered, only weeks before Paris was freed."

Tags:French, children, deportation, Nazi, Germany, concentration, camps, genocide

Abstract
This paper explains that the Anti-federalist leaders -- Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, Eldridge Gerry, and Patrick Henry -- opposed the ratification of the Constitution because they believed the states should be the primary protectors of individual rights. The author relates that the Federalists leaders -- John Adams, James Madison, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton -- supported a strong government that would reign in selfish human instincts and channel them toward the pursuit of the common good. The paper reports that the Federalists won the debate: Therefore, the Constitution provides a strong federal government; but the Anti-federalists were important because they prevented the federal government from gaining too many powers and saw to inclusion of the Bill of Rights.

From the Paper
"The Federalists began seeking to reform the Articles in 1783. In 1786, the financial hardships that the states were facing became apparent when Daniel Shays led a rebellion against the courts. This scene was an example of how the people could take matters into their own hands and it instilled fear in the hearts of the "propertied class" (170). This fear leads to the Federalist belief that a stronger federal government was most certainly needed. (170) In all fairness, the Federalists were looking for a type of government that was not as oppressive as the type of rule they had in British, but a little stronger than the current weak American government."

Tags:constitution, rights, states, bill, power