From the Paper
"Chaucer's Wife of Bath is the most fully and vividly realized of the characters in The Canterbury Tales and her lengthy Prologue and brief Tale have a force and vitality that derive from the perfect integration of character and message. The Wife's account of her own life and her tale are both, seemingly, directed toward establishing the principle that happiness in marriage results from the woman's "maistrye" over her husband. Nearly everything she says runs counter to theological authority, ecclesiastical preaching, and conventional social notions regarding the relations between men and women. This has led everyone from Chaucer's fictional Clerk to many twentieth-century scholars to conclude that the Wife's opinions are heretical and shockingly unconventional. But her clash with the religious and social conventions of her own era was probably..."

Tags:Chaucer

Abstract
This paper reveals the primary rejection of the legalistic principles of Judaism before the coming of Christ as expounded by Paul through mercy, faith, and a non-authoritarian God. The paper explains that by understanding his new message, the redemption and salvation of the common people outside of the old Judaism forged a new perception of faith in God that all could participate within.

Tags:jewish, paul, christ

Abstract
This paper argues that German expressionist cinema is the product of socio-cultural conditions in World War I and interwar Germany. It uses the history of Germany during this period in order to explain expressionist style, obsession with themes involving science, in particular psychoanalysis and overt depictions of anti-authoritarian and anti-bourgeois attitudes. Two films are used heavily to proof the influence of socio-cultural conditions, "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (Robert Weine, 1919) and "Nosferatu" (F.W. Murnau, 1922).

From the Paper
"Although contemporary critics viewed the distorted scenery of Caligari as a physical representation of the disturbed mind of the film's protagonist, Francis (Friedrich Feher), the writers intended it to represent the collective conscious of a Germany torn by war and instability (Kracauer 70). Supporting the latter claim is the fact that the framing story does not restore a "normal" perception of the world, but continues to be punctuated by expressionist elements; the psychiatric hospital is reminiscent of expressionist architecture, with three staircases running upwards from arched doorways, and the actors maintain their expressive acting styles with overemphasized facial movements. Since the framing story acts to remove the viewer from the supernatural tale told by Francis, in order for it to be a visual representation of his mind, logically it should restore the world to one resembling ?reality,? or the way that the average spectator would view their own external world."

Tags:analysis, anti, authoritarian, bourgeois, caligari, chiascuro, cinema, cultural, culture, era, expressionism, film, german, germany, history, horror, interwar, movie, murnau, nosferatu, period, psychoanalysis, socio, style, war, weine, world

Abstract
The paper discusses how liberalism is defined through economic theory and liberal economic theory advocates free competition. The paper then relates that Mikhail Speransky is often called the father of Russian liberalism, and from Speransky's ideals of liberalism in the 19th Century, liberal parties in the 20th Century Russia evolved. The paper discusses the Constitutional-Democratic Party headed by Pavel Milyukov, the Liberal International Party and the Union of Right Force. The paper explains that in Russian politics, neither party is considered a liberal party rather it is perceived as a democratic conservative party, but in the Western politics, the party is considered a pro-free-market and anti-authoritarian party.

From the Paper
"Liberalism is defined through economic theory. Liberal economic theory advocates free competition. The foundation of a free market is self-regulation and the gold standard. Mikhail Speransky is often called the father of Russian liberalism. From Speransky's ideals of liberalism in the 19th Century, liberal parties in the 20th Century Russia evolved. One of the parties and the most important one is known as the Constitutional-Democratic Party headed by Pavel Milyukov. After Communism collapsed there were a variety of liberal parties that emerged, but the only one with strength and force was called the Liberal..."

Tags:lenin, liberalism, revolution

Abstract
This paper explores and compares the multiferous interpretations of two movies "Blade Runner" (1982) and "Brave New World" (1994). The paper shows how the contexts of the two movies are markedly different -"Blade Runner" exists in a context in which there is a growing support for libertarianism, influencing the increase in environmentalism, both of which detect the intended environmental and anti-authoritarian didactic of the texts, while "Brave New World" creates an aberration of the original intent, complicated by the mutating religious values of society.

From the Paper
"The final scene of Brave New World disseminates Huxley's opinion that the suppression of human nature will ultimately lead to one's demise, a message which is especially prominent to the libertarians. Libertarian is a term to describe those who revile the concept of suppression and as such a message of freedom would be interpreted. The suppression of one's human nature creates a spiral of depression which will result in the obliteration of oneself. The savage attempted to suppress his feelings for Lenina, yet ultimately failed in his attempt. The savage had been taught, conditioned by his society that lust as with "every evil inclination has to place itself under such great restraint, don so many masks, lay itself so often on the procrustean bed of virtue" (Nietzsche), his feelings for Lenina were perceived to be evil, being contrary to the teachings of, in this case, the bible. The contradiction of his feelings and his teachings led to confusion as to the correct course of action, confusion which led to the complete suppression of emotions. The suppression of his emotions resulted in a decent into a self- destructive spiral, beginning with the use of self- punishment as a source of redemption, an act which brought him great pleasure, developing masochist instincts. The savage ultimately commits suicide, hanging himself in the tower, unable to repress his desires. The tower is a symbol of the self-destructive spiral, the concentric circles of the tower leading to the death of The savage. The suppression of human desires ultimately leads to one's demise as one enters a self-destructive spiral, until one destructs. Within Blade Runner there is an overt condemnation of oppression and suppression within the conclusion."

Tags:context, dystopian

Abstract
Up through the 1970s, teenage resistance to social authority was such a pervasive motif in American fiction that the adolescent struggle for autonomy embodied for many critics the national myth of self-reliance. The paper shows that in contemporary novels, however, youth's disaffected disposition is credited not to the oppressiveness of adult authority but to a lack of it. The voice in both "Catcher in the Rye" and "Less than Zero" is a detached, ironic voice that demonstrates a need for security and for home. The paper shows that by implicitly endorsing an idealized, nostalgic vision of family, these narratives split with the genre's anti-authoritarian tradition and re-script the utilization of adolescent disaffection. Whereas the teenager once intuitively asserted youth's moral supremacy over their elders, today's aimless, amoral kids cry out for adult intervention as they beg entry into the shelters of home. This paper examines the similarities and differences in the discourse of the young in both "Less Than Zero" and "The Catcher in the Rye."

From the Paper
"In the penultimate chapter of Catcher, Holden declines to run away to California in order to spare his younger sister Phoebe from the cynicism and despair he suffers. He does so because he understands that if he lets Phoebe follow him westward he will fail in his dream of protecting her innocence; instead of preventing her terrible fall into adulthood, he will be just as guilty of pushing her over the edge of childhood as the anonymous "pervert" who scrawls profanity on her elementary school walls. Therefore, to save her, Holden must sacrifice his passionate disdain for adult phonies and submit to the indignity of their "asking me if I'm going to apply myself" (213). Through this concluding gesture, Salinger insists that adolescent rebellion is guided by moral intent and is not symptomatic of the narcissism and selfishness so closely associated with this stage of life. The intuitive morality that this plot ascribes to its teen protagonists implies that "if the young demonstrate their inability to accept the code of civilized society, the fault cannot lie in them but in those who have failed to provide acceptable values. By extension, youth's rituals of disaffection are not expressions of antisocial behavior but confirmations that they are engaged in an arduous quest, searching, seeking, grasping, testing in an effort to find the proper moral course in life (265, 269)."

Tags:Phoebe, Clay, Blair, Holden, Julian

Abstract
This paper examines the prophetic literary work "1984", by George Orwell. The paper outlines Orwell's warning that if we allow ourselves and our society to psychologically surrender our own personal thoughts, feelings, values and memories, we will inevitably become vulnerable to totalitarian governments. Totalitarianism is discussed and the writer provides examples of other literary works which dealt with anti-utopian societies.

From the Paper
" "If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face - forever." This is the future that George Orwell offers us in his prophetic novel, 1984. He has created an anti-utopian totalitarian state in which there are no freedoms, no liberties, and no rights. It is the complete opposite of what western societies have strived for decades to escape from and prevent. Yet, we still manage to fall into the trap of totalitarianism from time to time. Thus Orwell's novel and serve as a warning to us, and teach us what we need to be conscious of in order to avoid falling completely into the hands of totalitarian rulers. Orwell identifies three important factors necessary for totalitarianism to be successful: War, advanced technology, and a psychological surrender of individuals. The first two, war and technology, are both already very prevalent in our society. The third is what safeguards democracy, freedom, and individualism. Totalitarianism is not possible if it does not control the psychological consciousness of the people it attempts to rule. Therefore, George Orwell's most relevant warning in his novel, 1984, is that if we allow ourselves and our society to psychologically surrender our own personal thoughts, feelings, values and memories, we will inevitably become vulnerable to totalitarian governments."

Tags:psychology, authoritarian, government, technology, war, freedom, hitler, stalin, democracy, individuality

Abstract
This paper argues that the contemporary situation in post-communist Russia is very much rooted in the anti-democratic features of both pre-Bolshevik and Bolshevik society. Russia has always been authoritarian and anti-individual in nature. These ingredients of the non-democratic mentality have paved the foundation for today's difficulties with reform.

Abstract
The paper examines the reasons behind the Nazi's rise to power. The writer analyzes the militant nationalism and authoritarianism that were the building blocks of German society at that time. The paper further discusses how German society blamed the victors of WWI for the future rise of the Nazi Regime, and the anti-Semitism that lead to the death camps.

From the Paper
"The Injustice and Identity Frames notwithstanding, there are those revisionist historians who have sought other explanations for the collapse of Humanistic Civilization in Germany during the period of Nazi ascendancy. Taylor has already mentioned the god-like awe in which the devoted Nazi held his or her Fuhrer. Hitler was pushed down the path of carnage and destruction by the irresistible force of the Jewish menace, but in taking that path, he would end up the savior of the German race."

Tags:genocide, holocaust, facism, WWII, Hitler

Abstract
The paper explains that, although the rest of the Western world was experiencing economical prosperity, the Weimar Republic was in economic shambles, humiliating the Germans, losing national consciousness and the sense of national dignity, and providing an excellent soil for the development of chauvinistic and revenge moods. The author points out that political revolution was obvious from the first days of Weimar Republic because strikes, workers movement in early 1920s, crisis, and depression served as evidence that the people were not satisfied with conditions of life, and they were ready to act. The paper relates that the NSDAP, or National Socialist German Workers Party, lead by Adolph Hitler, created favorable conditions for a radical political ideology of the right, which would defend national interests and revive the national ideal and dignity, even though this radical ideology was based on militarism, authoritarianism, anti-Semitism, and suppression of Communism.

From the Paper
"It all caused great social contradictions and social unrest which turned into November revolution of 1918. Starting from revolt in army and navy, revolution spread nearly over all Germany, demanding abolishment of monarchy, establishment of democratic republic and democratic freedoms to citizens. The main role in the revolution was played by two political parties of left orientation: Social-democratic Party of Germany and Independent Social-Democratic party of Germany. These parties, even though had a wide popularity over working and some of the middle class, did not come to an agreement of cooperation and unity and that's why their organized struggle failed. Moreover, "Spartac" group of SDP left party and established new - Communist Party, which demanded establishment of proletariat dictatorship. Because none of the forces had a control over whole territory of Germany, there was established a Council of people representatives (a coalitional government), which was the only legal body of power in the state before the elections to parliament took place."

Tags:hitler, failure, revolution, economy, humiliation