Abstract
This paper asserts that in order to understand the reasons and roots of apartheid, one must first understand the history of South Africa. The author therefore provides a detailed historical account of South Africa from the fifteenth century until today, including colonization, slavery, industrial development and the leadership of Hendrik French Verwoerd, the prime minister responsible for introducing apartheid. The second half of the paper is devoted to a study of the anti-apartheid movement, culminating in the election of Nelson Mandela.

From the Paper
"Until the fifteenth century tribes in South Africa remained isolated from the rest of the world. However, late in the fifteenth century the Portuguese began to explore the western coastline of South Africa in search of an easier route to Asia. By1497, five years after Christopher Columbus had crossed the Atlantic under Portuguese patronage, Vasco da Gama led a Portuguese expedition that rounded the tip of South Africa, sailed along the east African coastline, and then crossed the Indian Ocean reaching Calicut, India."

Tags:black, colonies, colonization, England, Netherlands, Portugal, Africa, segregation, whites, minority, slavery, industry, Verwoerd, Nelson, Mandela, AIDS

Abstract
This paper describes the beginnings, the leaders and the motivations behind the anti-Vietnam War movement of the 1960s. The paper also takes a look at how much the anti-war movement actually affected U.S. action in the Vietnam War and what lessons were learned from the protest.

From the Paper
"The beginning of the Anti-War Movement can be found in the Free Speech Movement that had already taken hold at universities across the nation. At Berkeley, Mario Savio, having taught lessons on freedom in McComb, Mississippi in what was to become known as Freedom Summer, began the movement. Involved in the Civil Rights Movement, Savio saw a correlation of the oppression of blacks in the South, the war in Vietnam, and free dissemination of information on university campuses. Savio believed that students were entitled, under the First Amendment, to practice Free Speech on their campuses."

Tags:john, f., kennedy, youth, country, america, involved, students, adults, change, united, states

Abstract
This paper questions whether the anti-war sentiment in the US shortened the Vietnam War. The author contends that protesters succeeded in creating a certain consciousness of war activities within the American public. It is argued that the public had only begun to question the war once it was apparent that it had continued for many years, and that there was some feeling that once committed, America could not withdraw without achieving victory. By analyzing the government's reaction to several anti-war incidences in US, the paper argues the government did not have a deep understanding of the anti-war sentiment. Therefore, the anti-war movement could not have impacted the war to such an extent as to shorten it.

From the Paper
"Vietnam was a situation that seemed to develop slowly in the consciousness of the American public so that much of the country seemed to discover rather suddenly that the nation was enmeshed in a growing war to which there seemed no end. In truth, America had been involved in Vietnam for many years before the issue became the catalyst for social protest and political reprisals in the U.S., and for much of that time the public ignored what was taking place. American involvement actually started in 1954, and at that time it was the French who had been caught in the Vietnamese quagmire (Chafe 259). Full American involvement was contemplated prior to 1954 and rejected, in part because Eisenhower did not believe that a military victory was possible because of the political situation in the region, since the people supported the Viet Minh and identified Ho Chi Minh as the leader of their independence movement (Scheer 274-275)."

Tags:media, foreign, policy, war, military

Abstract
The paper offers historical insight into the illegalization of abortion in nineteenth century United States. The paper shows how class, gender and race were major factors in the arguments against, and the subsequent illegalization of, abortion.

From the Paper
"Before public discourse on abortion began in 1840, the act of terminating a pregnancy was perceived in the United States as a typical recourse of the desperate, especially of the young, unmarried woman who feared exile by an over-exacting society. After 1840, however, evidence began to surface showing that the social character of the practice had changed. Rather than abortion as a last resort for the immoral lower class, the highest proportion of women whose abortions were recorded between 1840 and 1880 were married, native-born, Protestant women of middle- and upper-class status. According to Linda Gordon, the American Medical Association initiated a formal investigation of the frequency of abortion and, subsequently, medical attacks on abortion grew in number and in the intensity of their moral condemnation. Their crusade to illegalize abortion was not, as some claimed, based on the grounds that the practice of abortion was unsafe."

Tags:childbearing, reproduction, mothers, Anglo-Saxons

Abstract
This paper examines the often violent and coercive tactics of anti-abortion movements, looks at some of the more famous anti-abortion leaders, explores the motivations of these leaders and the movements that follow them, and discusses the perception by many that the anti-abortion movement is just one part of a broader, more conservative, anti-feminist, political agenda.

From the Paper
"Both the pro-life and anti-abortion movements are motivated by one concept: that human personhood begins at conception. To these groups an embryo and a fetus are all human persons who should be granted the same rights, privileges and protections as a child or adult (Violence & harassment at U.S. abortion clinics). Operation Rescue is an anti-abortion organization that states that it is dedicated to the protection of children in the womb and their mothers who are exploited by abortion. The group declares that "We work in every way we can to manifest the truth of God concerning abortion" (Operation Rescue Colorado). Unfortunately, "every way we can" includes violence, murder and the misuse of religion to inspire what any moral individual could only interpret as unholy acts."

Tags:joseph, scheidler, operation, rescue, randall, terry, male, white, submission, women

Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the movement against the Iraq War as it has manifested itself in the U.S. since 2003. The paper looks at mainstream media coverage of public rallies, focusing on a report in the Los Angeles Times and a report from Reuters. The paper discusses the ANSWER media savvy organizing group that is rarely noted in mainstream media coverage of public rallies but which has a large role in sponsoring them. The paper thus shows how a mainstream news source omits small pieces of information that can have a significant effect on the interpretation of the news story.

From the Paper
"The first protests against the Iraq War actually began just prior to the onset of the war itself, at a time when it was becoming clear that the military preparations and intensified propaganda leading up to the invasion had passed a point of no return. In March of 2003, mass protests in both the United States and Britain, denominated the "World Says No to War" protests, attracted approximately 500,000 marchers nationwide. Since then the movement has had its ups and downs, but generally been able to sponsor large turnouts near the anniversary dates of the invasion (March of each year.) Many have commentated that this level of organization and turnout is remarkable given the lack of a military draft, which in past times (notably the Vietnam war) has substantially enlivened anti-war movements (Garfinkle.)"

Tags:ANSWER, mainstream, alternative, resources, information

Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews the book "Burger's Daughter" by Nadine Gordimer. The writer explores many of the issues in the book, including the arrest of political prisoners. The writer also discusses the anti-apartheid movement supported in South Africa by many people, including white liberals and leftists.

From the Paper
"In the novel 'Burger's Daughter', Nadine Gordimer tells the story of a young woman's slowly evolving identity in the turbulent political environment of South Africa before the end of white rule and the apartheid system in that country. Her father's death in prison after being convicted of treason for opposing many of the laws that helped make the apartheid system function, and her mother's death left Rosa Burger alone to explore the intricacies of what it actually means to be Burger's daughter in a nation divided by apartheid ..."

Tags:Book review, apartheid, anti apartheid movement, racism, Sotuh Africa, ANC, Mandella, race laws

Abstract
The paper discusses the nature of anti-racism and traces its roots as far back as literature will allow. The paper attempts to understand the nature of racism today and why the anti-racism movement seems to have had less influence than is believed on the historical standard of racism and exclusivity of power. The paper answers the question: Why was the influence of racism greater than that of anti-racism, and is racism still the dominant sociological thought or, is the culture finally seeking a more egalitarian standard and structure?

From the Paper
"Though racist acts can also be derived from beliefs built in true racism, as many would argue, saying something is different is not the same as saying something is less than, even though the resulting laws and regulations give the distinct impression at varying times that this is true. To many, and especially to those who have been separated and subjugated, based on race the concepts are one in the same as many argue the idea that "separate is not necessarily equal." In many ways this is very true as the dominant culture will allocate resources and opportunities for its own race above another and the resulting situation, as is seen in early reformation and even reactionary "Jim Crow laws" the nature of separate creating a sense of inferiority and subsequent superiority as a result of the fact that most municipalities have a difficult time allocating resources to one infrastructure, let alone two separate ones. It can be argued that those in power when given a fixed set of resources will always allocate more for its own than for others."

Tags:racist, society, ancient, vintage, resources, opportunities, archaic, feudal, system

Abstract
This is a thematic paper based on the example of South Africa's imperialism and beyond, in Apartheid and anti-Apartheid movement, and correlations in a global Black Power movement of different manifestations. Through various points in the paper, a warning is made of the perils of including racial categories in future thinking, in the need for humanism as opposed to new categories or patterns as guidelines for assessing conflict in the future. The paper shows that there is a clear role for the artist and writer in presenting the inconsistencies of humanity and the need to guard against stereotypes of every variety.

From the Paper
"Imperialism in South Africa produced archaic institutions that till the late 20th century, remained in effect, and in particularly South African forms. From the 1652 landing on the Cape, the Dutch put in place the foundations of a society distinguishing European and African, towards what Dunbar Moodie would describe in the 20th century as an Afrikaner `civil religion'. (1975) When South Africa became part of the British Empire, different Afrikaner attitudes, practices and institutions were carried over, combined with Victorian British ideas of how colonies ought to be organized, and reinforcing a social order according to race that drew much from Social Darwinism as it shaped metropolitan British culture of the day."

Tags:ideology, southafrica, black

Abstract
This paper explores different facets of Gandhi's leadership which include his strong religious beliefs and spirituality, his accomplishments in social theory, as well as his achievement in gaining India's independence from Britain during the Twentieth Century. In addition, Gandhi strived for peace and nonviolent means to end conflict, and many movements of the past century, including the Civil Rights Movement and the anti-apartheid campaign of South Africa, were inspired by Gandhi.

From the Paper
"Mahatma Gandhi was born into a respected Hindu family on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India (Frost 33). His parents Karamehand and Putlibai were convinced that their son was a gifted child and would become a heroic figure within the course of his lifetime (Frost 33). Although he was small and timid, he was confident and determined, but it would take some time for Gandhi to come out of his shell in order to develop into the leader he later became. As a result of Indian tradition, Gandhi married at age thirteen, and he considered sex to be a dirty act; therefore, he engaged in a life of chastity, although he and his wife did bear several children (Frost 33). During his teenage years, Gandhi was determined to make a name for himself in the world. His parents shipped him to London to study law at age eighteen, and at first, he desired to become an elite member of the Victorian empire (Frost 33). However, as time passed, Gandhi became discouraged by Victorian rule and began to focus his efforts on God, becoming acquainted with three key players in his quest for truth: author John Ruskin, novelist Leo Tolstoy, and Raychandbhai, a religious instructor of the Jain religion (Frost 33). Eventually, Gandhi developed a new form of religion named Gandhism, which renounced Westernization, industrialization, and materialism (Frost 33)."

Tags:india, apartheid, british