Abstract This essay argues that Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is anti-Semitic in terms of its treatment of the character Robert Cohn. Cohn is painted in a negative light and none of the characters like him. Cohn is the anti-hero, yet he has Jewishness intentionally imposed upon him. In this respect, "The Sun Also Rises" involves anti-Semitism.
Abstract This paper examines the history of anti-Semitism in Europe during the 19th century. The paper explores the similarities between the anti-Semitic prejudices that engulfed France and Russia in the late nineteenth century and then shows how in France, anti-Semitism was largely a right-wing Catholic movement, peppered with socialist support in the aftermath capitalistic change. The paper also provides a broad definition of anti-Semitism in general.
From the Paper "Anti-Semitism is not an "identical phenomenon" similar to all countries, but rather based on individual national histories. The anti-Semitic prejudices that emerged in France and Russia in the late nineteenth century were both preceded by defeat in war, economic instability, and political change; circumstances exploited by the Judeo-phobic press and literature. However, while French anti-Semitism was derived from traditional religious dogmatism, and encouraged by the potent political force of anti-Republican Catholicism, the Russian experience was based on an ideological imperialism that was promoted by the government, and common to all "true" Russians."
Abstract This paper explains how there has always been minor anti-Semitism in America but nothing too serious in modern history. This paper provides a brief literature review of studies of anti-Semitism and explains that despite a history of anti-Semitism, Jews have managed to thrive within their communities and within the country at large. The writer concludes that for there to be true advancement, anti-Semitism needs to be totally eradicated and the younger generations need to be educated.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Findings
Strengths and Weaknesses
Ethics
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Anti-Semitism is defined as attitudes and actions against Jews based on the belief that Jews are uniquely inferior, evil or deserving of condemnation by their nature or by historical or supernatural orders. "Anti-Semitism, in the twentieth century, includes virtually all the beliefs, attitudes, and tactics that have developed from the first century." (Grosser & Halperin, 1983;277). Anti-Semitism does not necessarily end in the elimination of the Jews but may become a persisting condition of their lives. Jews have lived for many centuries dispersed among societies with traditions of Anti-Semitism. There have been extreme cases of Anti-Semitism that have led to mass destruction and genocide of the Jews.
Anti-Semitism is still rampant today, however awareness of this type of discrimination can help prevent future instances of persecution of Jews. Jews have succeeded as a whole today because of an internal strength they possess due to victimization and discrimination against them. Their oppression has made Jews mentally stronger, and has instilled in them useful values, thus enabling them to be ambitious, hardworking, successful people."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of anti-Semitism, or anti-Jewish prejudice. The paper begins with a history of anti-Semitism from the early church-encouraged days of blood libel through to the Holocaust and today. The paper looks at the major differences in anti-Semitism seen today to that of a few hundred years ago. The writer also explores the idea of prejudice, in general, and explains that outsiders have always been persecuted, and the Jew as an outsider has been subject to some of the worst persecution of all.
From the Paper "This is much of the reason that Christianity has such difficulties with Jewish people. They are so similar, and yet so very different, that they make many Christians uncomfortable with their closeness. People that are the same but different are much more difficult for Christianity to deal with then those that live thousands of miles away and have never heard about the teachings of the Christian Church. Those people over there in far-off countries are not a threat, because they are not close enough to the Christians to be seen as infringing on their identity."
Abstract This paper discusses the development and history of anti-Semitism, noting that the clear thesis against the Jews has always been their ostensibly foreign, alien, and threatening attributes. The paper specifically addresses the anti-Semetic myths that have developed over time, how the arguments that support these myths manifest themselves, the common negative themes associated with the Jews that are used to support these arguments, and how they adapt to new cultural and social developments. The paper maintains that the basis of anti-Semitism lies on nothing more than myth; no matter how compelling or seemingly plausible anti-Semites arguments may appear, they all originate from the same superstitious and anachronistic source.
From the Paper "Throughout the course of human history, there has been a consistent tendency in many cultures to blame and vilify ethnic, religious, and cultural minorities through fictitious and irrational, yet popular, beliefs for the purpose provoking civil strife, dissension, and hate-crimes. The use of these irrational and false claims propagates and fuels myths that encourage prejudice and disparagement. The myths are seeds of hatred that can fit many circumstances and be used to make further unfounded claims; untruth begets injustice. The Jewish people have borne an enormous amount of myth-based prejudice and slander going back hundreds of years, prejudices that withstood the developments of the Enlightenment-age and rationalism. In anti-Semitism lies an innate anachronism; anti-Semitism is outdated and medieval in our perceived enlightened and modern times, yet that understanding does little to shed its potency and allure, which continues to hold sway over many people. Rationalism should provide evidence enough for anti-Semitism's absurdity, yet to many it makes no difference. As long as people continue to propagate archaic, anachronistic ideas, then these ideas will hold influence, adapt to and utilize developments of their time - using eugenics to justify anti-Semitism, for example - and spread ignorance and hate. The basis of anti-Semitism lies on nothing more than myth; no matter how compelling or seemingly plausible anti-Semites arguments may appear, they all originate from the same superstitious and anachronistic source. How do these arguments manifest themselves? What are the common negative themes associated with the Jews that are used to support these arguments, and how do they adapt to new cultural, social, and other developments?"
Abstract The paper argues that the foundations of anti-Semitism are laid in financial and economic reasoning. It shows that though it is true that much anti-Semitic prejudiced is based on racial discrimination, the majority of anti-Semitic sentiment can be traced to financial foundations. The Jewish population has been persecuted since the dawn of time, for financial and economic reasons. Throughout history, during times of economic hardship, the Jewish people were seen as the cause of the demise many countries financial standing. The paper shows that Christians throughout the world believed that the Jewish people dominated or intended to dominate world finance and this sentiment became commonplace even in the United States as time progressed.
From the Paper "The U.S. promoted Anti-Semitism by not issuing bank charters to Jewish bankers during the Depression era (Ciechanowski, 2000). Despite the fact that only one Jewish owned bank existed at the time of the crash, and the fact that this bank was forced into bankruptcy after the crash, causing 400,000 Jews to lose their life savings, Americans continued to blame Jews for the economic hardships that had befallen the U.S."
Abstract This paper summarizes and analyzes the reasons Ruth Ruether's book, "Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism" ,provides for the ongoing and pervasive anti-semitism in societies throughout the world. The paper offers a positive review of the book and of Ruether's ability to explain the anti-semitism that has arisen again and again in Christian communities.
From the Paper "It is probably a good thing that this book was written by a scholar who is known, overall, to be sympathetic to Christianity because if it were not the work of such a scholar it might well come off as something of a hatchet job. Ruether is not interested in apologizing for the often (at best) Machiavellian actions of early church leaders ? but nor is she interested in tarring everyone equally. Her case against individuals is made carefully, with a fine attention given to building up each case deliberatively and with due attention paid to the ways in which evidence from such a long time ago must be assessed."
Abstract This paper examines how anti-semitism has been the subject of much analysis and debate, probably because of its persistent, at times pervasive, presence throughout the history of the Western world, peaking in the horror of the Holocaust. It looks at how the origins of Christian anti-semitism stem from the prevailing attitudes towards Jews in the pagan world. It also discusses how the causes and severity of anti-semitism in the Christian world has in itself been varied through history, standing at the intersection of history, sociology, economics, political science, religion, and psychology.
From the Paper "Though Christian anti-Semitism may have been fuelled by many other extraneous factors, the core is still attributed to its religious origins, and to that extent, this may well suggest historical antecedents in the pagan world with the Christian condemnation of Jews for the crucifixion of Christ and their continued rejection of Christ as the ?Messiah.? However, a number of studies and scholars now hold the view that the theological origins for anti-Semitism did not originate in the pagan world but occurred with the displacement of the Judaism meaning of "Messiah" with Christ, the appropriation of which sowed the seeds of the later interpreted anti-Judaism teachings of the New Testament and the Church (Ruether 1974)."
Abstract This paper examines how anti-Semitism persisted in Czechoslovakia during the Communist era primarily because of the pervasive and troubling presence of anti-Semitism through European history. Because of negative European cultural attitudes about the Jewish people, anti-Semitism was manifested in nearly every aspect of life in Czechoslovakia and at every level of society.
From the Paper "In analyzing how Heda, Rudolf, and other Czechs experienced anti-Semitism between 1941 and 1968, it is evident that their experiences of oppression and prejudice reflected historic anti-Semitism in Europe. The Soviet domination of Czechoslovakia through the puppet leaders in Prague resulted in the oppression of all Czechs, regardless of their race or religion. But Heda, Rudolf, and other Jewish people experienced oppression between 1941 and 1968 not only because of politics and Communist ideology, but because of prevailing anti-Semitic attitudes in Central Europe. Essentially, anti-Semitism persisted in Czechoslovakia during the Communist era primarily because of the pervasive and troubling presence of anti-Semitism through European history."
Abstract The writer of this article points out that the anti-Semitic Nazi party, attempted to limit apparent Jewish dominance in German society and the economy through the implementation of specific polices. In this essay the writer tries to explain these policies and the reasons for their implementation, as well as the extent to which these policies were motivated by economic considerations. To achieve this aim the writer looks at the role of Hermann Goering in influencing Nazi Semitic policies and his development of the German economy from 1938 including the removal of Jewish business in an effort to create a 'Nazified' economy. The writer concludes that it can be said that anti-Semitic policies in the period 1933-39 were motivated more by the individual ideologies and subsequent political policies imposed by the founders of the Nazi party such as Adolf Hitler and Hermann Goering and the high ranking political figures within the party establishment than economic influences. This paper uses MLA style footnotes but does not include a works cited page.
From the Paper "The removal of Jewish civil servants was personally ordered by Hitler in April 1933 and was accomplished relatively easily. Jewish persecution was increased in September 1933 with the passing of a Law banning Jews from Agriculture. However the impact of this law upon Jewish society within Germany was negligible because there were few Jews in the agricultural industry. Hitler's view was that Germany should be made by 'sweat and blood' pure and clean of Jewish influence. The events of 1933 and the increased anti-Semitic policies of the Nazi government were not motivated by economic issues despite some policies affecting economic areas. They were instead general policies with little impact, offered as token gestures by Hitler to satisfy not only his own beliefs, but also the demands of the right-wing fanatics within his own party who were calling for radical anti-Semitic action."
Abstract This paper details the history of the phrase "Anti-Semitism" what it means and what it refers to. It outlines the persecution and demonization of Jews throughout history and the justification of declaring an act or a statement as anti-Semitic.
From the Paper "Is anti-Semitism prejudice? The term could refer to a host of debilitating assumptions about Jews that have lasted since the beginning of the modern age. Although the term anti-Semitism was only coined in 1879, anti-Jewish agitation has existed for several thousand years. In the ancient Roman Empire, for example, the devotion of Jews to their religion and special forms of worship was used as a pretext for political discrimination against them, and very few Jews were admitted to Roman citizenship."
Abstract This paper examines and describes the focus of National Socialism on anti-Semitism and the Nazis' hatred of the Jews. It addresses how the Nazis tried to prove that anti-Semitism responded to Germany's problems, how the Nazis justified the persecution of the Jews, and what Hitler's personal role was in all of this?
From the Paper "Anti-Semitism is probably one of the most infamous platforms of Hitler and his Nazis, and the Holocaust was its horrific instrument of destruction. While anti-Semitism was not the only plank in Hitler's Nazi platform, it was an important part of his theology, and appealed to the German people for a variety of reasons. Many authors are not surprised so many Germans found this view "admirable," as they were searching for a way to blame someone else for their failures, and Hitler's ideas were the perfect solution to their search. After the First World War, Germany was a defeated and depressed nation."
Tags: holocaust, nazi, platform, hatred, first, world, war, scapegoat, race, theory
Abstract This paper studies the actions and decisions of the Vichy government in France during World War II. The author of this paper asserts that French anti-Semitism -- particularly toward non-French Jews -- rivaled even that of the Nazi's. The paper chronicles specific decisions, including deportation orders, against children and the elderly, in particular. The author also looks at cultural and societal anti-Semitism, as manifested in posters/advertisements and public demonstrations.
From the Paper "Three episodes involving Jewish children are remembered: The first and largest was the roundup at the Velodrome d'Hiver, where more than 4,000 Jewish children were arrested and kept in this cycling venue of the Paris region. "It was carried out exclusively by the French police in the summer of 1942. "None of the thousands of children deported following these police raids survived." The second was a roundup of Jews in Lyon, headed by the now infamous Klaus Barbie. They took 44 Jewish children, all of which were murdered. The third episode was the raiding of Jewish Children's homes in the Paris area. This happened shortly before the liberation of Paris. 250 children were seized, deported and murdered, only weeks before Paris was freed."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of how propaganda and persuasion are used to foment anti-Semitism in the Middle East. It provides a general discussion of what propaganda is and how it developed. The paper focuses on one example of propaganda in action: "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion", a piece of anti-Jewish propaganda.
From the Paper "Propaganda is one of the most loaded terms in the modern lexicon. At heart propaganda is an attempt to manipulate an audience in order to achieve a certain goal. This manipulation can occur in any number of ways including the use of visual imagery editorials and the spread of misinformation. This paper will examine what propaganda is, how it has developed and how it works. We will then look at a case-study of propaganda in action - The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion ..."
Discusses the character of Shylock from "Merchant of Venice" with reference to the anti-Semitic crusade that was taking place during the time Shakespeare wrote his play.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 97.95
Abstract This eleven-page graduate paper discusses the character of Shylock in "Merchant of Venice" with reference to anti-Semitic crusade that was going on in England at the time Shakespeare wrote his play. The readers should study the character from all perspectives in order to gain a better understanding of Shakespeare's intentions.
