Abstract
This paper discusses how anthropomorphism is a time-honored literary and visual device that has been used to satirize and comment on the human condition. The paper explores this subject and attempts to show how anthropomorphism functions in the works of three visual artists. The three artists are Art Speigleman, John Tenniel and Alexandre Gabriel Decamps. Together with illustrations of their work, the paper examines how Speigelman used this method to make a vivid and strong statement about the human condition and the propensity for human cruelty and injustice in history. The paper also looks at how John Tenniel and Alexandre Gabriel Decamps have employed anthropocentricism to expose pretention in culture and to express their views about society.

Outline:
Introduction
Speigelman
John Tenniel
Alexandre Gabriel Decamps

From the Paper
" Sir John Tenniel was well known as an illustrator and is possibly best known today from his cartoons and caricatures for Punch magazine. He is also renowned for his illustrations in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Tenniel used anthropomorphism and caricature to comment on human foibles and ultimately as a means of questioning and satirizing the society of the time. For example, he satirized nationalistic and patriotic concerns, such as the conflict and tension between England and Ireland. He achieves this by making use of animals and other graphic metaphors to express his views.
"He created numerous cartoons and caricatures of political life and of members of parliament, depicting some members of government with vulture's heads and other anthropomorphic devices to satirize geed, incompetency and the abuse of power. The following illustration is a clear indication of the way that he represented the difficult and obstinate Irish land question by using the image of a bull to symbolize these qualities."

Tags:Art, Speigleman, John, Tenniel, Alexandre, Gabriel, Decamps

Abstract
The mechanistic worldview, on the one hand, depicts nature as atomistic, passive, lifeless, and wholly devoid of purpose. Feminist critics of deep ecology's insistence that an anthropocentric worldview is the root cause of the ecological crisis agree that there are important connections between the oppression of nature and the oppression of women that the anthropocentric emphasis of deep ecology obscures. Nature itself is conceived of as feminine. The powerful metaphor of "Mother Nature" allows one to see women and nature as both nurturing and gentle as well as wild and unpredictable. The irrational forces of nature must be tamed by culture and the emotional nature of women must be constructively directed by the masculine force of rationality.

Tags:argument, for, anthropomorphic

Abstract
The paper explains why the argument to "think about animals as animals", as posited by Erica Fudge, is problematic because the only way humans may understand animals is in human terms. The paper cites the views of famous dog trainer Vicki Hearne, Erica Fudge and Harriet Ritvo. The paper believes that the absence of empirical evidence or a clear mode of expression between animals and humans promotes anthropomorphism as the only desirable way to understand animals.

From the Paper
"Animals occupy a vast cultural and social spectrum ranging from the inferior and superstitious feline of the sixteenth and seventeenth century, to "man's best friend" in twentieth century England, all the way to the Arabian stallions capable of completing mathematical equations. The controversy surrounding anthropomorphism, the attribution of human characteristics to non-humans, derives from the inability to communicate with them. The level of ambiguity originates from human fear and lack of control resulting in domination and manifesting through the depiction of animals in film, literature, ritualistic ceremonies, language and domestic life. The argument to "think about animals as animals" posited by Erica Fudge in "Animal," is problematic because the foundation of human language is a metaphoric representation of reality through a human lens. Similarly, the idea of humans thinking as animals is impossible simply because they are human. It is logical for humans to attribute human characteristics to animals; what would be the alternative?"

Tags:language, behaviors, species, communication

Abstract
Alarm calls are widespread in nature, and researchers are exploring why such calls are given, as they may draw attention to the animal giving the signal, and thus put its life at risk. Other researchers are looking at what the different calls signify in order to learn how animals communicate, and ultimately use this knowledge to determine how human cognition has evolved.

From the Paper
"Alarm calls are widespread in nature, and researchers are exploring why such calls are given, as they may draw attention to the animal giving the signal, and thus put its life at risk. Other researchers are looking at what the different calls signify in order to learn how animals communicate, and ultimately use this knowledge to determine how human cognition has evolved. This paper will look at the alarm calls of some animal species, what they signify, how they have developed, and how they relate to the animal's habitat.

Alarm calls of animals are part of a complex language system, with different calls being used to warn of different predators and triggering different survival actions, depending on the animal species, according to Milius (1998). For example, a vervet monkey can make three different kinds of alarm calls, and each ..."

Abstract
This paper examines the imagery of Robert Frost in four of his poems," A Prayer in the Spring", "In Hardwood Groves", "Hyla Brook", and "A Brook in the City", explaining how Frost uses playfulness and anthropomorphism in his imagery.

From the Paper
"Robert Frost's use of imagery in his poems is skillful and meaningful. The imagery is characterized by two salient attributes-playfulness and anthropomorphism. His images are, as Martin Bidney calls them, secretive-playful epiphanies that sometimes reflect solitude, other times companionship and usually, the ambivalent imagination. At the same time, Frost's images are anthropomorphic, ascribing human traits to trees, leaves and other elements of nature in a manner that unites the non-human entities of nature with their human counterparts."

Tags:Robert Frost, poetry, poem, A Prayer in the Spring, In Hardwood Groves, Hyla Brook, A Brook in the City, playfulness, anthropomorphism

Abstract
This paper explains that, although scientists have been trained carefully to believe that animals do not experience emotions and to avoid anthropomorphism, attributing human feelings, attitudes, or thoughts, to animals, the authors of this book suggest that this position is not true. The author points out that, in one of the most convincing chapters of the books, Masson and McCarthy write about the behavior of elephants around the bones of elephants that have died, describe animals appearing to grieve after a mate or partner leaves, and depicting an elephant who cried tears when beaten for performing badly. The paper relates that the book makes a compelling case for requiring evidence, not assumptions based on beliefs of biological superiority when dealing with animals, especially when using animals for experimentation. The paper questions, however, whether humans should die because it is wrong to practice life-saving surgery on other animals first when animal experiments have saved many, many lives.

From the Paper
"The author notes that we have put a lot of effort into demonstrating things humans can do that other animals cannot: Laugh, worship, and anticipate (p. 24). The reader notes that "use tools" used to be on that list. It can't be any longer because both chimpanzees and sea otters use tools. Chimpanzees will push a straw or small diameter stick down a to lure termites out so they can be eaten. Sea otters gather flat rocks that they lie on their stomachs. Then when they gather seafood, they beat the clams, snails or whatever against the flat stone to break them open. Reasoning, imagination and anticipation may be functions of intelligence rather than related to emotions."

Tags:puppy, chimpanzees, surgery, anthropomorphism, evidence

Abstract
The paper defines air pollution as consisting of contaminants or elements that have been introduced into the atmosphere in greater concentrations than naturally occurring processes have the capacity to process. The paper explains that these pollutants can be either natural or manmade in origin; naturally occurring pollutants are those from biological processes such as decay or volcanic eruptions for example while manmade pollutants are termed anthropomorphic and arise from numerous sources. The paper relates that most common anthropomorphic air pollutants are the result of the burning of fossil fuels in the industrial setting. The paper discusses how the Environmental Protection Agency or the EPA is responsible for air quality in the United States and air pollutants from industrial settings are governed within the NAAQS.

From the Paper
"Air pollution is defined as consisting of contaminants or elements that have been introduced into the atmosphere in greater concentrations than naturally occurring processes have the capacity to process. These pollutants can be either natural or manmade in origin. Naturally occurring pollutants are those from biological processes such as decay or volcanic eruptions for example while manmade pollutants are termed anthropomorphic and arise from numerous sources. The most common anthropomorphic air..."

Tags:advances, emissions, control

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at five short stories written by English veterinarian, James Herriot. The writer discusses Herriot's popular work, based on his practice, the animals and various other accounts of his life. Further, the writer notes that Herriot generally avoids the anthropomorphizing of animals indulged in by others and instead presents them as animals now in a human world, a domesticated world on the farm and in the home, still in his native Yorkshire.

From the Paper
"James Herriot is a veterinarian practicing in Yorkshire in England, and he achieved great popularity writing about his practice and his "patients" in books like "All Creatures Great and Small" and numerous other accounts of his life. His popularity was greatly extended by a television version of his work first on British television and then replayed in America. He has also written a number of short stories about animals, collected in the book James Herriot's Animal Stories in which the author presents stories about different animals and the human beings who interact with them."

Tags:herriot, short, stories

Abstract
This paper proposes that Darwin's theories need to be re-analyzed and considered together with today's advances in science and with the advantage of hindsight and modernity. The paper explains what Darwin's theory is and then explores the issues and problems with the theory in light of today's knowledge.

Contents
Introduction
Anthropomorphic Animal Understanding
Assumed Intelligence or Programmed Response
Environmental Stresses as a Precursor to Change
The Difference Between Animals and Humans
Darwin?s Assumption
Examples in Plant Life
Positive Response to Environmental Stress
Chemical and Biological Programming for the Well-being of the Species
Examples in Animal Life
Well-Fed Bears
Maladaptive Response to Reward Training
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
This hypothesis does not take into consideration the positive nature of adverse conditions. This hypothesis does not address that learned behaviors, a mental cognitive function, may not be the only factors influencing the animal's behaviors. In humans, we have the ability to use our mental abilities to overcome fears, to relearn habits, and to change behaviors. Humans have the ability to, as a result of stresses or reward, chart an individual course of action unrepentant of environmental stimuli. As a facilitator of the success of individualization, we also have the ability to overcome environmentally adverse conditions if necessary in order to complete our mentally cognitive chosen course of action.

Tags:animal, bear, food, nature, survival, fit

Abstract
This paper details Goodall's extensive research into primate behavior, which began in the early 1960s and would continue for many years. This paper reviews Goodall's groundbreaking book, in which the author found many similarities between chimpanzee society and human society. This book delves into how Goodall began her research by fitting into the primate society. This paper discusses the manner in which Goodall personalized her subjects by giving them names and in some ways anthropomorphizing them in her description of their behavior, which runs counter to any scientific study of primate behavior in itself. Goodall's book also delves into how the chimpanzees began to accept the author and researcher as one of their own. Goodall did not write this book as a scientific report but as a popular account of her life in Africa and her interactions with chimpanzees. The writer of this paper explains why author and anthropologist Jane Goodall has become a key figure in the field of primate research.

From the Paper
"Goodall found many similarities between chimpanzee society and human society, noting how interesting it is when she finds something that is different about chimp society in the exclusion of the male from familial responsibilities, calling this "perhaps one of the major differences between human and chimpanzee societies, for most human family groups look upon the father not only as the begetter of the children but as the protector, and usually as the provider of food, or land, or money." However, she also notes that at the time, women were demanding more equality so that the role of the males was being questions, though she also says this is only happening in a very small minority of cultures." It is not clear what it would mean if this were more widespread, whether it would reflect something innate in primates that only emerged when society changed, or whether it occurs in chimpanzee society for some similar reason."

Tags:animal, chimpanzee, primate, research, africa, tanzania, anthropology