Abstract
This paper discusses how anthropomorphism is a time-honored literary and visual device that has been used to satirize and comment on the human condition. The paper explores this subject and attempts to show how anthropomorphism functions in the works of three visual artists. The three artists are Art Speigleman, John Tenniel and Alexandre Gabriel Decamps. Together with illustrations of their work, the paper examines how Speigelman used this method to make a vivid and strong statement about the human condition and the propensity for human cruelty and injustice in history. The paper also looks at how John Tenniel and Alexandre Gabriel Decamps have employed anthropocentricism to expose pretention in culture and to express their views about society.

Outline:
Introduction
Speigelman
John Tenniel
Alexandre Gabriel Decamps

From the Paper
" Sir John Tenniel was well known as an illustrator and is possibly best known today from his cartoons and caricatures for Punch magazine. He is also renowned for his illustrations in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Tenniel used anthropomorphism and caricature to comment on human foibles and ultimately as a means of questioning and satirizing the society of the time. For example, he satirized nationalistic and patriotic concerns, such as the conflict and tension between England and Ireland. He achieves this by making use of animals and other graphic metaphors to express his views.
"He created numerous cartoons and caricatures of political life and of members of parliament, depicting some members of government with vulture's heads and other anthropomorphic devices to satirize geed, incompetency and the abuse of power. The following illustration is a clear indication of the way that he represented the difficult and obstinate Irish land question by using the image of a bull to symbolize these qualities."

Tags:Art, Speigleman, John, Tenniel, Alexandre, Gabriel, Decamps

Abstract
The paper explains why the argument to "think about animals as animals", as posited by Erica Fudge, is problematic because the only way humans may understand animals is in human terms. The paper cites the views of famous dog trainer Vicki Hearne, Erica Fudge and Harriet Ritvo. The paper believes that the absence of empirical evidence or a clear mode of expression between animals and humans promotes anthropomorphism as the only desirable way to understand animals.

From the Paper
"Animals occupy a vast cultural and social spectrum ranging from the inferior and superstitious feline of the sixteenth and seventeenth century, to "man's best friend" in twentieth century England, all the way to the Arabian stallions capable of completing mathematical equations. The controversy surrounding anthropomorphism, the attribution of human characteristics to non-humans, derives from the inability to communicate with them. The level of ambiguity originates from human fear and lack of control resulting in domination and manifesting through the depiction of animals in film, literature, ritualistic ceremonies, language and domestic life. The argument to "think about animals as animals" posited by Erica Fudge in "Animal," is problematic because the foundation of human language is a metaphoric representation of reality through a human lens. Similarly, the idea of humans thinking as animals is impossible simply because they are human. It is logical for humans to attribute human characteristics to animals; what would be the alternative?"

Tags:language, behaviors, species, communication

Abstract
The mechanistic worldview, on the one hand, depicts nature as atomistic, passive, lifeless, and wholly devoid of purpose. Feminist critics of deep ecology's insistence that an anthropocentric worldview is the root cause of the ecological crisis agree that there are important connections between the oppression of nature and the oppression of women that the anthropocentric emphasis of deep ecology obscures. Nature itself is conceived of as feminine. The powerful metaphor of "Mother Nature" allows one to see women and nature as both nurturing and gentle as well as wild and unpredictable. The irrational forces of nature must be tamed by culture and the emotional nature of women must be constructively directed by the masculine force of rationality.

Tags:argument, for, anthropomorphic

Abstract
Alarm calls are widespread in nature, and researchers are exploring why such calls are given, as they may draw attention to the animal giving the signal, and thus put its life at risk. Other researchers are looking at what the different calls signify in order to learn how animals communicate, and ultimately use this knowledge to determine how human cognition has evolved.

From the Paper
"Alarm calls are widespread in nature, and researchers are exploring why such calls are given, as they may draw attention to the animal giving the signal, and thus put its life at risk. Other researchers are looking at what the different calls signify in order to learn how animals communicate, and ultimately use this knowledge to determine how human cognition has evolved. This paper will look at the alarm calls of some animal species, what they signify, how they have developed, and how they relate to the animal's habitat.

Alarm calls of animals are part of a complex language system, with different calls being used to warn of different predators and triggering different survival actions, depending on the animal species, according to Milius (1998). For example, a vervet monkey can make three different kinds of alarm calls, and each ..."

Abstract
This paper examines the imagery of Robert Frost in four of his poems," A Prayer in the Spring", "In Hardwood Groves", "Hyla Brook", and "A Brook in the City", explaining how Frost uses playfulness and anthropomorphism in his imagery.

From the Paper
"Robert Frost's use of imagery in his poems is skillful and meaningful. The imagery is characterized by two salient attributes-playfulness and anthropomorphism. His images are, as Martin Bidney calls them, secretive-playful epiphanies that sometimes reflect solitude, other times companionship and usually, the ambivalent imagination. At the same time, Frost's images are anthropomorphic, ascribing human traits to trees, leaves and other elements of nature in a manner that unites the non-human entities of nature with their human counterparts."

Tags:Robert Frost, poetry, poem, A Prayer in the Spring, In Hardwood Groves, Hyla Brook, A Brook in the City, playfulness, anthropomorphism

Abstract
This paper explains that, although scientists have been trained carefully to believe that animals do not experience emotions and to avoid anthropomorphism, attributing human feelings, attitudes, or thoughts, to animals, the authors of this book suggest that this position is not true. The author points out that, in one of the most convincing chapters of the books, Masson and McCarthy write about the behavior of elephants around the bones of elephants that have died, describe animals appearing to grieve after a mate or partner leaves, and depicting an elephant who cried tears when beaten for performing badly. The paper relates that the book makes a compelling case for requiring evidence, not assumptions based on beliefs of biological superiority when dealing with animals, especially when using animals for experimentation. The paper questions, however, whether humans should die because it is wrong to practice life-saving surgery on other animals first when animal experiments have saved many, many lives.

From the Paper
"The author notes that we have put a lot of effort into demonstrating things humans can do that other animals cannot: Laugh, worship, and anticipate (p. 24). The reader notes that "use tools" used to be on that list. It can't be any longer because both chimpanzees and sea otters use tools. Chimpanzees will push a straw or small diameter stick down a to lure termites out so they can be eaten. Sea otters gather flat rocks that they lie on their stomachs. Then when they gather seafood, they beat the clams, snails or whatever against the flat stone to break them open. Reasoning, imagination and anticipation may be functions of intelligence rather than related to emotions."

Tags:puppy, chimpanzees, surgery, anthropomorphism, evidence

Abstract
This paper gives a comparative account of the role played by the gods in the Iliad as compared with the role of God in the Judeo Christian tradition. In the Greek stories, the gods play with men, pitting one against the other, or one nation against the other. The God of the Judeo Christian tradition is described completely differently and without anthropomorphism.

From the Paper
"The role of the gods of the Iliad is to operate as proximate cause and casual observer of the Trojan War. The divinities pit Greeks and Trojans against each other in a constant contest for acknowledgment of the divinities' importance. Human beings do not sufficiently understand or appreciate that gods are cosmic and natural forces and so ignore various particular cosmic constituencies even as they honor others. That combines with the readiness of human beings to do three things: trust their own analysis of..."

Tags:Greek Gods, Trojan War, Iliad, JUdeo Christian tradition

Abstract
This paper discusses how Jonathan Swift's "Gullivers Travels" is a blatant statement of Swift's views of the society he lived in as well as the nature of man in general. His views on both are as relevant today as they were when the story was written in the early 18th century, as neither has changed in that time. Through an examination of Gulliver's different encounters with different societies, the paper looks at how Swift's use of satire, an unreliable narrator, symbolism, perspective, and anthropomorphism, effectively conveys his personal feelings of the human being and the society he lives in, as one that needs much improvement, and even evokes a sense of self hatred of his own humanity.

From the Paper
"The story tells the tale of Lemuel Gulliver, from his point of view, and of his travels around the world encountering fictional beings that represent different aspects of man and society. He is an unreliable narrator though, as his character is often oblivious to the points and issues Swift brings into light. Gulliver is an educated man, a ship's surgeon, and is portrayed as a relatively good example of a typical British man. From the beginning of the story his disenchantment of man is obvious. He writes a letter to his cousin condemning those who have altered his writings, and expresses his disappointment that man has still not changed since his story had been published, but also states it was what he had expected from such Yahoos, who are later described. "

Tags:Houyhnhnms, Yahoos, Lilliput

Abstract
"The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats" by T.S. Elliot is a book full of poems which describes different types of cats and their various personalities using anthropomorphism. This paper discusses how it is a book that has a wide variety of techniques, using personifying vocabulary, specific feline terms along with invented words and names. It contends that the book is a wonderful cocktail of ingredients that have harmoniously blended in together.

From the Paper
"The following up poem Growltiger's Last Stand finely shows how unrealistic ally T.S. Elliot can portray a cat. Growltiger is described as a cat "who travelled on a barge" . Despite this eccentric description of the cat, T.S. Elliot writes great deal on the personality of this cat and the interaction he has with his travelling environment. As said in the poem, "[...] he was the roughest cat that ever roamed at large", "The Persian and the Siamese regarded him with fear." T.S. Elliot also shows the "sentimental side" of Growltiger, this strengthens the portrayal of the human side which cats have. This deeper emotional side of a cat seems to only be shown in this poem whereas in other poems, the description is concentrated more on the acts, the observable behavior and traits and also the more, what I can call, shallow emotions. "

Tags:Growltiger, Jellicles, Mungojerrie, Rumpleteazer

Abstract
The paper defines air pollution as consisting of contaminants or elements that have been introduced into the atmosphere in greater concentrations than naturally occurring processes have the capacity to process. The paper explains that these pollutants can be either natural or manmade in origin; naturally occurring pollutants are those from biological processes such as decay or volcanic eruptions for example while manmade pollutants are termed anthropomorphic and arise from numerous sources. The paper relates that most common anthropomorphic air pollutants are the result of the burning of fossil fuels in the industrial setting. The paper discusses how the Environmental Protection Agency or the EPA is responsible for air quality in the United States and air pollutants from industrial settings are governed within the NAAQS.

From the Paper
"Air pollution is defined as consisting of contaminants or elements that have been introduced into the atmosphere in greater concentrations than naturally occurring processes have the capacity to process. These pollutants can be either natural or manmade in origin. Naturally occurring pollutants are those from biological processes such as decay or volcanic eruptions for example while manmade pollutants are termed anthropomorphic and arise from numerous sources. The most common anthropomorphic air..."

Tags:advances, emissions, control