Abstract
This paper discusses sound from an anthropological perspective and concentrates on the origin and the nature of sound. The paper also reviews on how the study and the development of sound progressed with technology. It also concentrates on the association of sound with language and culture and shows how the pronunciation of words have resulted in different sounds with the development made in the writing scripts. The paper also lays emphasis on the association of sound with memory called echoic memory.

From the Paper
"People love sound and sound today is ubiquitous; sound will continue to fascinate people for ages to come. The pleasures of sound flow from frequency, amplitude and harmonic constitution or waveform. Perhaps there is no other form of art where the pleasures of mere form are more marvelous in complexity, more intellectual in essence and purer in quality. Plato once suggested that the sensibility for sound might be the most civilizing of educational instruments. People and sound both belong to each other and both grow out of life."

Tags:echoic, memory, pronunciation

Abstract
This research paper details the life and works of Franz Boas, known as the "Father of Anthropology." Boas was an early anthropologist who pioneered methods such as field work and ethnography, as well as the theory of cultural relativity. This paper explores Boas' personal history and education, as well as his ground-breaking work amongst the indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast of the U.S. The paper concludes by citing Boas's unique and lasting contribution to anthropology, which was his insistence upon the equal treatment of all cultures and his non-racist, relativistic ideals which still stand as examples of his lasting influence.

From the Paper
"After graduation, Boas discovered that there were not many positions available in academia for a Jewish liberal, a reflection of the widespread anti-Semitism of the time (Hyatt 1990). An attempt to immigrate to the United States was unsuccessful, and in frustration Boas turned back to his interest in geography (Hyatt 1990). In 1883, Boas secured a position on an expedition to the Baffin Island region in the Arctic, the goal of which was to research the connection between seawater and migration patterns among the Eskimo (McGee 2000). At the time of the expedition, anthropology was not considered a "reputable" academic subject, and Boas's interest in the expedition was primarily as a geographical study to investigate the influence of the environment on the native peoples' behaviors, movements and cultural activities."

Tags:Anthropology, Franz Boas, father of anthropology, fieldwork, cultural relativity, ethnography, early anthropologists

Abstract
This paper examines cultural anthropology, which has traditionally been a transnational endeavor. According to the paper, this has become increasingly true in recent years with the expansion of transnational feminism. Cultural anthropology has also inevitably been an arena of research beset by power challenges, given the traditional practice of there being an observer, who has the power, and an observed, who does not.

From the Paper
"Cultural anthropology has traditionally been a transnational endeavor, and this has become increasingly true in recent years with the expansion of transnational feminism (despite a recent recognition that cultural anthropology does not always have to be about "other" people, somewhere overseas, in the non-Western world). Cultural anthropology has also inevitably been an arena of research beset by power challenges, given the traditional practice of there being an observer (who has the power) and an observed (who does not). In recent decades, an increasing amount of self-reflexivity and self-analysis has been evident in the field, as..."

Tags:cultural, anthropology, transnational

Abstract
This paper discusses the different aspects of medical anthropology. The underlying theories of medical anthropology are discussed as well as the concept of health and disease, taking into consideration different culture-based paradigms depicting each one. Disease profiles of the different civilizations, from foraging nomads to empires are compared and contrasted.

From the Paper
"Though giving birth occurs naturally in women, the experience itself varies among women due to the great influence of cultural beliefs and the resources available within different societies. Depending on how a society values or perceives childbirth as a medical event, the process will differ according to who conducts it (e.g. physician versus community midwife), how it is conducted (e.g. through a cesarean operation or spontaneous, natural birth) and where it occurs (e.g. whether it is in a modern and well-equipped obstetric facility or at home)."

Tags:medical, anthropology, culture

Abstract
This paper addresses the history and the events of the Salem Witch Trials from the perspective of Semiotic Anthropology. Here, the question of the witchcraft trials is examined as a form of social control for a people, specifically women, who had no other element of control.

Tags:ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ANCIENT HISTORY) / RESEARCH (METHODS, THEORIES), discussion semiotic anthropology

Abstract
The paper discusses how anthropological holism involves looking at both the biological and social aspects of human societies; in other words, it entails looking at the genetic endowment of people as well as what they acquire from their environment. Beyond that, the paper shows how anthropology is a holistic study because it looks at every aspect of human existence: family structure; gender; marriage; conflict resolution; religious beliefs; language; art; how space is used and how homes are constructed.

From the Paper
"Question one: defining holism within the context of anthropology (one paragraph; 5 points) Answer: Anthropological holism involves looking at both the biological and social aspects of human societies; in other words, it entails looking at the genetic endowment of people as well as what they acquire from their environment. Beyond that, anthropology is a holistic study because it looks at every aspect of human existence: family structure; gender; marriage; conflict resolution; religious beliefs; language; art; how space..."

Tags:anthropology, questions, answers

Abstract
This paper looks at psychological anthropology through many methods. It looks at the definition itself, how older and contemporary psychological anthropologists analyze their own work, and how personality and culture intermix. The paper looks closely at a few specific sub-categories, such as Freud, madness, and primitive cultures. The paper analyzes it in connection to personality, culture, emotion, madness and primitive cultures.

From the Paper
" Psychological Anthropology: A Universal Process Psychological anthropology is an attempt to discover the dynamics of group differences, often via means of close observation and study of a particular theme or culture. It combines the attributes of psychology and anthropology in an endeavor detect similarities between human beings in personal, social and cultural settings. Many scholars have defined their field using distinct nuances, as cater to their brand of craft, but underlying all psychological anthropology is a cultural analysis that aims to discover inherent qualities within us all. Bourguignon (1979), a psychological anthropologist, spent time analyzing the link between classic anthropology--in which scholars studied primitive cultures--and elements of psychology, such as Freud's psychoanalysis of the psychology of childhood development--or the issues of childhood projecting into adulthood."

Tags:psychological, anthropology, analysis

Abstract
This paper reviews two works by Mary Douglas and Victor Turner on the matters of ritual and anthropology (article sources are not named and are not included). The paper briefly explores issues of taboo behavior in scriptures and rituals, and concludes that the process of studying such scriptures and rituals is difficult because of the inter-connectivity found between them and their respective host societies.

From the Paper
"It is commonly accepted that many religious scriptures help convey social and communal codes. Dietary habits are a good example of this, where certain cultures avoided the ingestion of pork on the grounds that it was prohibited by their faith, but also that avoidance helped reduce the possibilities of disease. However, the authors promote the concept that there are multiple ways to understand adherence to certain scriptures and codes as presented in the religious texts. The concept of what is dirty, soiled, or sinful, for example, can be interpreted on one level as helping practitioners avoid lifestyle traits that were unhealthy. Yet this can be interpreted on a second level as well, where the avoidance of dirt was more of a symbolic avoidance of impurities."

Tags:ritual, scripture, anthropology

Abstract
This paper examines three specific sociological theories. The author contrast each theory. The paper demonstrates their impact on the field of historical anthropology.

From the Paper
"Some critics of the field of historical anthropology have accused the field and its practitioners of being generally if not entire theoretical. In other words, the charge leveled against the field is that much of its work and research tends to proceed without the benefit of a specific theoretical lens or framework within which a particular subject event or individual group is analyzed. Many social scientists argue that theoretical underpinning for any investigation is analysis allows the researcher to assess results with respect to ..."

Tags:anthropology, globalization, culture, Iraq war

Abstract
This paper discusses the documentary, "Race: The Power of an Illusion". It explains that people are sectioned by distinct groups of black, white, green, purple and orange which are endowed by our psyche. It explores the essence of the documentary and explains the idea of race as biology suggesting that a belief in race is no more sound than believing that the sun revolves around the earth. It contends that race is real and accounts for many subjects such as anthropology, sociology, American history and cultural studies.

From the Paper
"The Power of an Illusion, people is sectioned by distinct groups of black, white, green, purple and orange, which is endowed by our psyche. In essence, the idea of race as biology suggesting that a belief in race is no more sound than believing that the sun revolves around the earth. However, race is still an issue. Basically, race is real and accounts for many subjects such as anthropology, sociology, American history, and cultural studies. Psychologist Beverly Daniel Tatum studies race relations and influences the political discussion with respect to race and class politics. She adds that race and the legacy of discrimination continue to affect our lives whether in our everyday interactions with others or in our life opportunities. Also, the norm proclaims that "white" is accepted and never questioned or burdened compared to "nonwhites." The nonwhites feel resentment, angered and frustrated that they are not ..."

Tags:race, inequality, power