Abstract
This paper reviews the history of ethnographic field research methodology used by anthropologists, from interviewing travelers to modern immersion into the culture.. The paper points out that B. Mallinowski and E. E. Evans-Pritchard felt that role of the anthropologist is not as a passive observer, detached from the culture which is being studied. Rather, they believed that the field anthropologist should be an active participant whose sole task is to understand the group by becoming part of it. Modern anthropologists, the paper relates, need to engage with the culture they are studying, sometimes even to immerse themselves within it at the temporary cost of their own identity in order to fully experience and understand the culture of the 'other'.

From the Paper
"However Oakley's, and in fact any anthropologist's, observation and participation within any culture carries the risk of influencing the behavior of the people are studying, resulting in an artificial vision of their world. In "Anthropology Today", Paul (1953) wrote that the researcher's social role in the field was a determining factor in the information that would be gathered. This is where contemporary researchers seemed to have learned from Malinowski and early anthropologists."

Tags:travelers, expeditions, role, demeanor, other

Abstract
Examines Clifford Geertz's theory of symbolism and Bronislaw Malinowski's theory of functionalism. Discusses the different backgrounds and approaches of both anthropologists. Considers Malinowski's field work in New Guinea, 1915-1918.

From the Paper
"Clifford Geertz and Bronislaw Malinowski represent two very different views on the role of the anthropologist. The difference lies in their definition of culture, Geertz favoring symbolism and Malinowski favoring functionalism. This leads to different ..."

Abstract
This paper explains that Clea Koff, a forensic anthropologist wrote "The Bone Woman: A Forensic Anthropologist's Search for Truth in the Mass Graves of Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo" (2004) based on her journal written while working with the U.N. international criminal tribunal. Next, the author highlights the sections about Rwanda especially Kibuye and Kigali, and the areas of Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia. The paper concludes that, although the book is written with clarity, simplicity and compassion, there is too much focus on issues, such as lack of equipment, office politics and co-workers' feuds, thus almost losing sight of the original purpose of the book.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Search for Truth
Rwanda: Kibuye and Kigali
Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia:
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It was Clea Koff's passion for justice and truth that led her to become a forensic anthropologist. The daughter of Tanzanian-born Msindo Mwinyipembe and David Koff, an American, Koff's parents were documentary filmmakers who focused on human rights, often taking their daughter with them as they traveled the world. Koff was a 23-year old graduate when she joined the small team of UN scientists heading for Rwanda. Their mission was to exhume the bodies of victims caught up in the genocide that had taken place in Rwanda in order to provide evidence that would bring to perpetrators to justice, and to identify the victims so that relatives would finally know what had happened to their loved ones."

Tags:genocide, refuge, photographs, disappearances, perpetrators

Abstract
This paper presents an examination of how Beverly Newbold Chinas, the anthropologist-narrator of "La Zandunga" came to understand the Zapotec culture in Mexico during the 1960s. The paper examines how what she learned in her field work differed from classroom experience.

Tags:Mexico, anthropology, cultural barriers, friendship, women, marketplace

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the film "Trobriand Cricket: An Ingenious Response to Colonialism", made in 1973 by anthropologist Jerry W. Leach and filmmaker Gary Kildea, the film narrative is devoted primarily to the historical context of the cricket game in the Trobriands, providing an illustration of some of the processes of cultural diffusion. The author points out that movement analysis, which focuses on some of the visible aspects of ethnographic films that are often left unrecognized in the film narrative, results in a more profound ethnological appreciation of its contents and is especially valuable for films that focus intentionally on cultural performance. The paper concludes that (1) "Trobriand Cricket" has severe constraints concerning the anthropological "statement" made by the film and (2) movement analysis may yield valuable insight in the initial stages of understanding performance.

From the Paper
"The cultural interpretation of any performance--no matter how transparently the performance is represented to the observer (as it is so effectively in ethnographic film)-relies on the kind of close observation that organizes several details of performance into a system. It is not simply growing and shrinking that are at issue in the Trobriand design, not simply linear formations that are at stake in the British style. The relationship of those features to other features, the relationship of growing and shrinking to force and speed and clusters of bodies, the relationship of lines to individual bodies and to a stabilizing energy field bring out distinctive patterns. The value of movement analysis lies in its ability to construct an articulate representation of particular and even peculiar performances in terms of the very general features that all movement processes share so that various patterns of association can be traced throughout the action of a given culture and between performances of various cultures. A system like LMA can abstract principles of conduct and can represent them accurately in their full complexity and peculiarity."

Tags:performance, observation, system, nonverbal, pathways

Abstract
This paper is an anthropology paper that debates the true reason for resistance to Indian Casinos. The paper wholeheartedly supports the anthropologist Darrian-Smith in asserting that the one of the ultimate reasons for resistance to Indian Casinos lies in the centuries old traditions of non-Native discrimination towards natives, and both traditional and new age stereotyping.

From the Paper
"Indian Casinos For much of hundreds of years the American people have variously exterminated, stolen from or assimilated their indigenous peoples. In more recent decades this has turned into milder forms of discrimination and stereotypical conceptualizations. The one enduring theme has been the patrimonial dominance over Native peoples, being the most regulated of all people within the boundaries of the United States. Relegated by land appropriations to remote, often worthless plots of reservation lands, the remnants of traditional Native societies have barely been able to eke out a subsistence living. However, taking advantage of laws previously designed against them, a limited number of Native American tribes have turned to Casinos as a source of revenue to alleviate them from their hardship."

Tags:indian, casinos, racism

Abstract
This paper discusses the book, "The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City" by anthropologist Matthew Gutmann. The paper presents Gutmann's theory that the stereotype of the Macho Man is merely an image that distorts the truth and renders the society incapable of helping the Mexican society change. The paper provides a chapter by chapter summary and a critical review of the book.

From the Paper
"Matthew Gutmann is an anthropologist who writes books turning his experiences and knowledge into phrases that teach a lesson that cannot be ignored. As a Professor of Anthropology at Brown University he is familiar with the gender bias inherent in society and it is this gender role that he discusses in his books. Before writing The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City, Gutmann lived for a year in the town of Colonia Santo Domingo. His reason for staying there was that he wanted to experience first hand the community culture and norm so as to understand the social dynamics that created the 'Macho Man'."

Tags:society, gender, degendering, masculinity, marianista, behaviorism, santo, domingo

Abstract
The life and career of the anthropoligist. The status she received in the field of anthropology. Controversy over her data and research in Samoa. Her field trips. Her theories of adolescence based on her work with primitive women in Samoa. Other fieldwork. Her careers as anthropologist, museum curator, University teacher, writer, lecturer.

From the Paper
"MARGARET MEAD

Born on December 16, 1901, Margaret Mead became one of the world s leading anthropologists, and her fame became worldwide with the publication of her book Coming of Age in Samoa . However, despite the good reviews the book received, and the status she achieved in the field of Anthropology, her career was beset in later years with controversy over her data and research in Samoa.

In 1925, she went on her first field trip, to undertake a study in heredity and environment based on an investigation of the phenomenon of adolescence among primitive and civilized peoples. Her task, as she described it, would involve working almost entirely with women, and should therefore add appreciably to our ethnological information on the subject of primitive women. (Howard 1995 1)"

Abstract
This paper explores anthropologist Elisabeth Burgos-Debray description of the Guatemalan women, Rigoberta Menchu , who describes her Indian peasant life to the author. The paper exhibits the relationship between life and the larger political struggles taking place across Guatemala and Latin America as a whole. It also describes the Civil war in this country and the persecution of Rigoberta Menchu 's family by the national security forces.

From the Paper
"The Indians constitute the majority in Guatemala, which differentiates their situation from that of most countries in Latin America where the Indians are a minority without even the most elementary rights. Still, a white minority has the power in Guatemala, and it seems likely that the fact that the majority Indians are divided into 22 different ethnic groups may have contributed to their largely powerless position in their society. Rigoberta wishes to change this situation, and this one woman is not fighting for a mythical Indian past but is instead seeking to play a part in the shaping of contemporary history (Burgos-Debray, 1983), xiii). The world into which this woman was born is a world where the people live in a subsistence economy, working the land for others and moving from place to place as they follow the work through the seasons. This is also a world at war, with Guatemala in the grips of a civil war for more than 30 years. This war affected Rigoberta directly as her father, mother, and younger brother were tortured and killed by the Guatemalan security forces that have been persecuting the peasantry."

Tags:Guatemala, everyday, life, political, struggle, Latin, America, indian, peasant, woman, americas, south, central, indian, ethnic, groups

Abstract
This paper examines how Bronislaw Malinowski is one of the twentieth century's most prominent and influential anthropologists and how he is highly regarded for his pioneering work in the field of ethnographic fieldwork, giving a major contribution to the study of Melanesia and of reciprocity. In particular, the paper looks at how Malinowski's work can best be described as operating from a functionalist approach to society and how the majority of Malinowski's work has occurred in the field, studying the cultures of numerous indigenous peoples.

From the Paper
"As a theory, functionalism studies the structure and workings of a given society. A functionalist sees society as being comprised of inter-dependent segments which work together in order to fulfill the functions needed for the society as a whole to survive. To do this, the individuals who make up the society are socialized into roles and behaviors, each of which specifically fulfill a specific need of the society. Thus, according to a functionalist, all behavior is structural, or aimed at accomplishing a specific societal goal. For this reason, the functionalist views rules and regulations are created in order to organize the relationships between the various members of society. "

Tags:functionalism, Melanesia, culture