Abstract
This paper describes the biological threat of anthrax as a weapon of mass destruction. Additionally, the paper takes a look at progress toward an effective human vaccine and ethics of such experiments by military service in United States.

From the Paper
"One of the great fears in the world today is that some government or nongovernmental group will choose to use a biological weapon against its supposed enemies. An equally great fear is that experimentation of all kinds with such materials and even their antidotes will be conducted in an unethical manner. According to the Federation of America biological threat agents like anthrax that are based on bacteria are extremely dangerous and when used in large amounts are able to cause a..."

Tags:anthrax, vaccine, military experiemnts, ethics, weapon

Abstract
This paper discusses anthrax, an acute infectious disease that came into the limelight recently due to the anthrax attacks in the United States in the weeks following the September 2001 terror attacks, causing widespread panic. The paper includes information on how the disease is caused, types of anthrax, symptoms of the disease and its treatment. The paper also presents information on the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States and examines what makes anthrax a good bioterrorism agent.
Outline
Introduction
How is Anthrax Caused?
Bacillus Anthracis
Types of Anthrax and Ways in Which it can Infect Humans
Treatment
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon
The 2001 Anthrax Attacks

From the Paper
"Anthrax is caused by the bacterium 'Bacillus anthracis' that is highly lethal in its virulent form. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic animals, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high concentrations of anthrax spores. Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium which causes anthrax, is rod-shaped and about 1 by 6 micrometres in size. It was the first bacterium ever to be shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1877. The bacteria normally rest in spore form in the soil, and can survive for decades in this state. When ingested by a plant eating animal, the bacteria starts to multiply and eventually kills the animal. They even continue to reproduce in the carcass but eventually revert back to the dormant spore state when they run out of nutrients. ("Bacillus anthracis.")"

Tags:bioterrorism, bacillus, anthracis

Abstract
In the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, anthrax, a deadly chemical agent, began showing up in many areas of the East Coast. The nation came to fear anthrax, but was that fear justified? The paper argues that while the anthrax outbreaks caused relatively few deaths, the use of anthrax as a weapon of bioterrorism should be anticipated with fear and dread. The agent is deadly and the vaccines against it are controversial at best. The paper shows that anthrax is indeed a weapon of mass destruction if it falls into the wrong hands.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of anthrax is its longevity. The spores can lie dormant for literally years, but they can still infect a person after years of exposure to the elements. Researchers know this because of past studies conducted on the disease and the spores that cause it. For example, British researchers studied the disease and its affect on animals for about a year in an isolated Scottish bog during World War II. During their studies, they exposed sheep to various types of weapons containing anthrax spores, including bombs, bullets, and other dispersants."

Tags:bioterrorism, chemical, antibiotic, FDA

Abstract
This paper analyses how anthrax is a powerful biological weapon, which when used appropriately, may result in the death of thousands or even millions of people. It examines how, in order to maximise the efficiency of a response to a bio-terrorist attack involving anthrax, wider knowledge of the microbiology and spore formation of anthrax is needed, as well as effective biological counter measures to ensure the safety of civilian populations.
Outline
Introduction Releasing Anthrax
Epidemiology Symptoms
Microbiology
Pathology Methods of Control
Recommendations
Conclusion Bibliography Appendix

From the Paper
"Releasing anthrax would be relative simple, a cloud of anthrax spores released in a strategic location, with a high civilian population, could kill thousands or even millions of people if released according. A lethal dosage of anthrax is considered to be 10,000 spores; 80% of a population that inhaled such a dose would die. Less than one millionth of a gram is invariably fatal within a couple of days after exposure. (REF) An anthrax aerosol would be odourless and invisible following release and would have the potential to travel many kilometres."

Tags:agent, chemical, iraq, pathogen, terrorism, terrorist, war

Abstract
This paper examines the highly contagious disease of anthrax. The paper looks at the effects of anthrax and how it is transferred in animal and humans. The signs and symptoms of the disease and the treatment of the anthrax bacterium are also discussed. The paper then briefly looks at recent research with regards to anthrax medication and vaccines.

From the Paper
"With Bacillus cereus, this type of bacterium can usually be found living in the soil habitats of many regions of the world and is relatively easy to isolate from foodstuffs like grain and spices. This type generally causes two kinds of food-borne intoxications as opposed to infections--first, it may cause nausea, vomiting and severe abdominal cramps and has an incubation period of not more than six hours. This type closely resembles the familiar Staphylococus aureus which produces food poisoning. Secondly, this type often produces diarrhea with an incubation period of not more than sixteen hours and is similar to food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens. In most cases, both of these types of bacterium lasts in human beings less than twenty-four hours (Todar, 2008, Internet)."

Tags:vaccine, bacteria, poisoning, medicine

Abstract
This paper discusses the threat posed by anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper describes the use and manufacturing of anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper examines the physical properties of anthrax and describes the effects it has on human beings and animals. The available treatment for an anthrax infection is presented in the paper.

From the Paper
"The scientific name of anthrax, bacillus anthracis, is derived from anthrakis, the Greek word for coal. The reason for this is that the disease caused by the substance is associated with black, lesions that look like coal in some cases. The cellular appearance of anthrax can be identified with fair certainty by experienced microbiologists. The problem is however that few of these professionals not working in the veterinary community have had the opportunity to either work with or see the cellular or colonial appearance of anthrax. This makes it difficult to identify and prevent the effects of the weapon in practice."

Tags:bacillus, anthracis, cellular

Abstract
This paper offers an explanation of the Anthrax disease. The paper begins by defining Anthrax as an acute disease that is caused by a bacteria known as bacillus anthracis. The paper then explains the various methods of contracting Anthrax which include cutaneous through the skin, inhalation and gastrointestinal through food or digesting the bacteria. The paper includes a number of references to reports on the issue by the center for disease control and the FBI. The paper makes reference to the recent Anthrax scares in the U.S., where a white powdery substance was sent via postal mail across the country.

From the Paper
"The cutaneous form of anthrax occurs as an infection of the skin. This type of anthrax is caused by touching animals or animal products with an anthrax infection. The cutaneous form of anthrax is the least serious form of anthrax. The inhaled version of anthrax occurs when a person inhales anthrax spores that are present in infected animal products or in soil that has been exposed to infected animals. The inhaled version of anthrax is the most serious form of the disease. The gastrointestinal version of anthrax occurs by eating undercooked meat from animals with anthrax. This is the rarest form of anthrax that people can contract."

Tags:terrorist, september, 11, mail, post, usps, disease, fbi, cutaneous, inhalation

Abstract
This paper describes the dangers of Anthrax as a weapon in chemical / biological warfare. The paper outlines different types of Anthrax and discusses the long term effects it could have in a war of bioterroism. The writer explains the different ways Anthrax enters and affects the body. The writer provides a brief history on bioterrorism and concludes the paper with assurances that bills have been passed allowing the U.S. government to spend billions on anti-bioterrorism.

From the Paper
"Bioterrorism is known to have been in effect as early as 6th century B. C. when the Assyrians attempted to poison the wells of their enemies using a substance known as "rye ergot" (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002). Throughout the years bioterrorism has been a constant threat, as armies have been known to hurl the bodies of diseased soldiers into enemy camps. Feces and even infected fleas have been used to spread plague and malaria into enemy quarters. As early as 1763 Native Americans were given blankets and cloths that had been infected with smallpox (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002)."

Tags:biological, cutaneous, deadly, gastrointestinal, inhalational, terrorists, widespread, warfare, terror

Abstract
This dissertation provides an examination of the anthrax mailings to determine how the U.S. Postal Service responded and what organizational structures were in place to facilitate or impede that response. The role and importance of the U.S. Postal Service is discussed and its history and evolution is described. The examination is presented over the course of six chapters and concludes that there were significant failures on the part of the postal service to provide adequate protections for its workers while the investigation was being conducted, largely as a result of an organizational culture that placed productivity above safety considerations.

Introduction
The History and Development of the U.S. Postal Service
Modern Postal Bureaucracy
Anthrax in the Mail: Attack and Response
Values in Conflict
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have resulted in vastly increased scrutiny of many aspects of government functioning, as major wars and national cataclysms have done in the past. In this new environment, it is important to understand what conflicting bureaucratic values may represent the opposing perspectives of providing open access to the postal system versus protecting the system and its workers from terrorist attacks in the future? "Few aspects, perhaps," Wise says, "have received more attention than the question of whether government in general, and the federal government in particular, has the right organizational structure to meet the requirements for homeland security." Immediately following the attacks, the president made a determination that there was a glaring need for improvements in security organization; in response, he established the Office of Homeland Security by executive order on October 8, 2001, less than one month following the terrorist attacks."

Tags:contaminated, letters, spores, centers, disease, control, prevention, public, health, authorities

Abstract
This paper explores the biological testing facilities in the United States and their mission. The author questions the responsibility of the United States government and the role politicians played in America's anthrax exposure and other past exposures of anthrax. This paper stresses the existence of biological testing facilities that had existed Iraq, which the United States intelligence agencies knew about, yet still approved the shipments of various pathogens to such facilities.

From the Paper
"Salman Pak was bombed in 1991 from the outset of Desert Storm. There remains controversy that this could have been the cause of "Gulf War Syndrome". The U.S. had insisted that 150,000 soldiers be administered the anthrax vaccine. By 1993, seventy-five thousand U.S. Gulf War veterans had complained of illness. The veterans complained of fatigue, sore joints, sleeping difficulty, chronic diarrhea, memory loss, and depression. The soldiers also claimed the symptoms are related to their military service. Thousands of Gulf War veterans have participated in class action law suits."

Tags:iraq, syndrome, post, biological, collection