This paper identifies the types of data and variables contained in the research by Eric Lambert and Nancy Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict'.
Abstract This paper explores an article that presents the exploratory research by Lambert and Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict' and reported in a 2006 "Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal". The author points out that the nominal level of measurement was the control variables labeled "Personal Characteristics", such as gender, age and position. The paper reports that the measures of the variables, other than those of the personal characteristics, were on a sliding scale, which could not be interpreted as ordinal data or variables. The author reports that the independent variables were the level of job danger, role ambiguity, role conflict, instrumental communication (performance feedback), integration, input to decision-making, supervision, job variety and organizational fairness; the dependent variable of work on family conflict was rated at several different levels.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Nominal Data / Nominal Variables
Ordinal Data / Ordinal Variables
Interval Data / Interval Variables
Ratio Data / Ratio Level Variables
Methodology of Research
Proposed Version of Similar Research
From the Paper "The goal of yielding a bounty of ratio data would require an expansion of the dependent variable on the survey. In the present research, work on home conflict was limited to nine items varying from time conflict to strain or harm to family life. The researchers determined that only five of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence upon work on home conflict If it is desired to obtain more ratio data, then a new survey should be prepared emphasizing the five areas most likely to antecede work on home conflict and of those items rate the level of each area of work on home conflict established by the first survey."
Abstract This paper explains how to manage conflict by determining the antecedents, precursors and/or catalysts that can point out why conflicts develop. The author believes that among the difficult tasks that a manager has to accomplish within an organization is to ensure that there is no existing dysfunctional conflict within the organization. This paper uses the example of the problem between two groups regarding a new dress code policy to study the group dynamics and the personalities of individuals in each group.
From the Paper "The first antecedent, which states that conflict is an expressed struggle, is a given consideration whenever there are differences among members in a group. An expressed struggle may be verbal or non-verbal, so long as one group communicates effectively the different sentiments that they have about the issue to the other group. In the scenarios used for this study, the expressed struggle is illustrated through the instant split in decision and the two parties formed upon the management's suggestion to apply a new dress code within the organization. A difference in the perceived incompatible goals is another antecedent that cannot be avoided during team conflicts. In the example, one incompatible goal that may be blatantly expressed by the opposing party (to the new dress code) is that a new dress code will mean new expenses for the employees. However, this may be countered by the fact that a uniform worn at work decreases the problem of buying different clothes to wear at work everyday. Thus, the incompatibility of the employees? perception of the expensiveness of the new dress code policy creates conflict between the two parties."
Abstract This paper summarizes, reviews, and analyzes three studies on the precursors and antecedents of shyness and two studies on the outcomes of shyness. The paper explains that the first three studies reviewed focused on biological and socialization factors and the second two focused on the stability and long-term correlates of social withdrawal and on the idea that shyness is only problematic in societies that look negatively upon it. The paper concludes by noting that there are flaws in the studies but also by noting the additional knowledge that all of the studies have brought to the understanding of shyness.
From the Paper "The first study I found focused on socialization factors during infancy. It was done by Martin Gerhold, et. al. and was called "Early Mother-Infant Interaction as a Precursor to Childhood Social Withdrawal." The infants were three months of age, and the authors examined biological and psychosocial risks, and later social withdrawal, using a hierarchical logistic regression approach. Variables were entered into the regression models as follows: biological and psychosocial risks and sex, mother and child variables (done separately), and lastly, all of the variables were entered together. The results supported their hypothesis in that child behaviors (smiling and gazing) as well as maternal behaviors (facial and motor responsiveness) significantly predicted social withdrawal in middle childhood. Therefore, the authors claim their results suggest that a dysfunctional interaction pattern between mothers and their infants may be a precursor to shyness in childhood (Gerhold, et. al., 2002)."
Abstract This paper demonstrates some of the ways inventions and ways of thinking in the non-Western world have significantly contributed to what has become known today as "Western civilization."
From the Paper "Today the term globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of the world's economic, social and other systems. For example a consumer in California orders a computer from Dell Computers which has its headquarters in Texas, but the computer itself is built in Malaysia and when the consumer calls the technical support responder answers the phone in India. For many people this increasing interconnectedness of the world seems to be a new phenomenon different from when Europeans drew maps of Europe, Asia and Africa ..."
Abstract This paper discusses nursing theorists, Walker and Avant's conceptual theory in nursing. Specifically, the paper details eight steps to a more effective concept analysis of "screening" for nurses in theory and practice. It describes the relevance of each step and the ways that they should be implemented for the most successful screening and treatment.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Step 1
Selecting a concept
"Screening"
Step 2
Purpose Or Aims Of The Concept
Step 3
Identify Uses Of The Concept
Step 4
Determine the Defining Attributes
Step 5
Identify A Model Case
Step 6
Examine Other Cases
Step 7
Identify Antecedents and Consequences
Step 8
Define Empirical Referents
From the Paper "An "invented" case of such a problematic screening, however, one that may or may not contain ideas outside of the experience of many nurses, however, might be that of a mother who brought her infant in for a routine screening by a pediatrician, and who volunteered to the nurse, without the prompting of a screening, the fact that she was depressed or had trouble coping. Then, if the nurse broached the subject in a more formal fashion, according to some of the language that is used to characterize the physical and emotional problems of screening for postpartum depression, the mother might reject such a diagnostic inquiry. This is problematic, because the nurse may or may not be qualified to make such a psychological assessment, even though she, by virtue of her position, might be led to believe that the woman is suffering from postpartum depression."
Abstract The paper reviews a study done on one mid-western correctional facility that explored the possible antecedents of correctional staff work on family conflict. The paper examines the measures of validity and reliability, as well as proposed changes in methodology for increased validity and reliability. The paper also looks at methodology for the reliability of future studies.
Outline:
Part 1: Validity and Reliability in General
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Predictive Validity
Construct Validity
Alternate-Forms Reliability
Inter-observer Reliability
Inter-item Reliability
Part 2: Improvements in Reliability and Validity
Replication of the Study
From the Paper "Self reporting studies are inherently, unless carefully crafted, in the areas of validity and reliability. When reviewing validity, the three measurement areas of idiosyncratic individual errors, generic individual errors, and method factors are all difficult to overcome in self reported studies. The perception of self and of surroundings can be as varied as the individuals self reporting the results to the researchers. Further, the motivation to be completely accurate and candid with the researchers is not evident, especially in this case where the researchers were paying for the results. The researchers chose to study only one correctional facility, and of the 450 possible respondents, received only 275 responses. (Lambert & Hogan, 2006, p.21) These factors lead to the low levels of validity and reliability further explored below."
Abstract This paper explores similarities and differences as they relate to three aspects of the Russian and Mexican Revolution: ideology; antecedents or contributing factors; and outcomes or a changed social order. The paper presents the ideology that influenced and determined the Russian Revolution, followed by ideology and a comparison for the Mexican Revolution. The paper then discusses the antecedents to revolution in Russia, and compares it to Mexico. The paper also demonstrates how the ideology which inspired revolution actually instigates that revolution. In conclusion, the outcomes for both Russian and Mexican society are discussed and compared.
Outline:
Introduction
Ideology - Russia
Ideology - Mexico
Antecedents - Russia
Antecedents - Mexico
Outcomes - Russia
Outcomes - Mexico
Conclusion
From the Paper "Ideology has played a central role in revolution with innovative social ideas and the vision of a new social order inspiring the revolution. Strong national feeling was a very important factor in the Mexican revolution. According to Vanderwood (204) the situation in Mexico was an authentic social revolution that tended between "authoritarian rule and the endeavor to give peasants and workers a meaningful voice in government". By the time of the Cold War, Americans began to "interpret Mexico's experience largely in terms of the Communist revolution in the former Soviet Union" (Vanderwood 204). During the Mexican Revolution, the individual who was similar to Lenin in influence and vision was Villa."
Tags: Lenin, ideology, history, former, Soviet, Union, Cold, War
From the Paper "Anxiety disorders are the most common of all mental disorders. The term "anxiety disorders" describes a wide range of conditions in patients who present with physical and mental symptoms of distress that occur either as attacks or that persist over a period of time. Anxiety disorders are a symptom of almost all mental disorders.
A certain level of anxiety is normal in all individuals in response to certain stimuli. During times of stress, anxiety produces physiological changes that facilitate adaptive performance levels. If anxiety reaches the problem stage, it can negatively influence an individual's daily functioning.
Problem anxiety is characterized by three hallmarks: irrationality, paralysis, and intensity. If an individual's anxiety rages out of proportion to the reality of the danger, it..."
Abstract In the United States, people tend to think of race as the primary factor in discordant human relations. In particular, the divide between black and white Americans is seen as a central one, with historical antecedent and difficult prospects for the future. In other regions of the world, however, ethnicity, religion, and tribal background are equally divisive factors.
From the Paper "The Comfort Woman
Introduction:
In the United States, people tend to think of race as the primary factor in discordant human relations. In particular, the divide between black and white Americans is seen as a central one, with historical antecedent and difficult prospects for the future. In other regions of the world, however, ethnicity, religion, and tribal background are equally divisive factors.
In thinking about Japan and Korea, and the development of the comfort woman concept, ethnicity is an important factor. Although gender is the most salient factor, ethnicity also probably plays a role in the horrific nature of the Japanese enslavement of the Korean women."
This paper, written from a psychological perspective, compares the antecedents, behavioral signs and consequences of anger and fear between genders, with emphasis on how cultural conditioning can affect the expression of emotion.
3,140 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 15 sources, 2002, $ 91.95
Abstract This paper states that there is no doubt that gender has a significant impact on the emotions of anger and fear. The paper discusses many of the studies developed to measure possible gender-related differences in the experience and are inconclusive but do establish that many of the gender differences are due to social constraints and preconceived stereotypes. The paper illustrates that anger is an emotion largely associated with males and masculinity, whereas fear and emotions associated with loss of control are more frequently associated with females.
From the Paper "Anger is a primary human emotion that has been the focus of many studies. Whilst many methods of varying success have been used to measure anger, including facial expression, physiological changes (e.g. heart rate) and self-reporting, it is widely agreed that men and women differ both in their experience and expression of anger. Anger is largely viewed as an unpleasant or negative emotion, yet is a necessary and useful tool in the communication of thoughts and feelings to others in order to bring about some sort of change."
An analysis of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War. Discuses how the French fear of Germany led to harsh terms and German bristling at the harsh terms led to the Second World War.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, 1995, $ 39.95
From the Paper "The Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War I , yet virtually none of the parties which signed this document were satisfied with the terms. The two bitterest enemies of the Great War, Germany and France, had suffered devastating losses as a result of four years of intense fighting across their shared borders. Their opposing viewpoints regarding how peace in Europe should be maintained were described in the book, Sources of the Western Tradition, Volume II: From the Renaissance to the Present, edited by Marvin Perry, Joseph R. Peden, and Theodore H. Von Laue (1995).
As victors, the French demanded extreme measures of punishment against the Germans both for reasons of revenge and as a means of securing their territory from future threats of German invasion. The French were in large part motivated by the fact that the major ..."
From the Paper "McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co.
This comment will discuss the issue of after-acquired evidence in employment discrimination cases by looking at the Supreme Court decision in McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co.. The first part of the comment will provide a factual introduction to the case and the issues. The second part of the paper will discuss the antecedents to the decision, focusing mainly upon the Circuit Court decisions in this area. The third part of the paper will discuss the analysis in the case itself and the ramifications of the decision.
Christine McKennon worked for the Nashville Banner Publishing Company for thirty years before she was discharged at age 62. The company claimed that Ms. McKennon was discharged as part of a work force reduction plan which was implemented in order to ..."
Abstract "Couch potato (cp)" behavior is operationally defined as sitting and watching TV. The goal of the program presented in this paper is to modify this behavior towards participation in an exercise program. A self-observation log demonstrates "couch potato" behavioral antecedents, an operational definition of the target behavior and behavioral consequences. Cognitive-behavioral modification is discussed and the program is stated. Effectiveness of the intervention is then discussed.
From the Paper "Week one would consist of new thoughts such as "TV is not the only way to relax, this is a lie, the truth is that TV is contributing to my fatigue." Positive affirmations were to be employed as immediate and continuous reinforcements, such as "I'm feeling better each day with my new activities. I'm doing a great job." TV watching was to be cut down to half hour periods per week day and two hour periods for weekend days. Stimulus control was employed and junk foods were to be removed from the premises to avoid visual cues leading to poor eating behaviors. New foods were to be purchased, such as fruit juice in place of alcoholic beverages, nuts and fruits in place of chips; actual changes in meals would be dealt with later. Lifestyle changes for the first week would include using the stairs at work and school instead of the elevator, since walking up stairs is found to burn twice the calories of jogging behavior and it would serve as an aerobic exercise activity."
Abstract This paper is a concept analysis of grief behaviors in families, as witnessed in the pediatric critical care setting. The writer explains how grief is a concept surrounded by ambiguity despite nurses' frequent encounters with grieving persons. This paper clarifies this concept and explains how it allows nurses to gain insight into managing grieving families in a therapeutic manner. A concept analysis is described using antecedents, attributes and referents, and principal variables of grief are identified. In addition, model, contrary, borderline, related and illegitimate cases are described. It shows how this analysis can contribute to the establishment of nursing practices with grieving persons.
From the Paper "Grief fills the room up of my absent child, lies in his bed, walks up and down with me"? (Bartlett, 1919). The death of a child, sudden or otherwise, has a profound, life changing effect on the family infrastructure. As nurses, it is important to develop skills of compassion so that we can support these families in their time of need. In order to support a family through the initial stages of grief, one must look at their own belief systems. One must keep an open mind and realize that every family has a different belief system related to death, dying and the grieving process. Our responsibility is not to get families to believe as we believe, rather we must fill the role that the family defines for us during their time of need.
Highlights the efforts and objectives of the Philippines with regard to its involvement in APEC, in light of its historical, cultural, economic, political, and security antecedents.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 8 sources, 2002, $ 142.95
Abstract Since 1992, under the directorship of President Fidel Ramos, the Philippines has embarked upon a productive economic path by implementing a series of economic reforms collectively known as the 'Philippines 2000' program, under which the country's APEC efforts have fallen. However, while the unprecedented growth of the Filipino economy unmistakably expounds the great success of these efforts, it cannot be ignored that the country fails to enjoy a stable economic or political foundation and the economy remains in a transitory period of extremely volatile growth.
