Abstract
This paper explores an article that presents the exploratory research by Lambert and Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict' and reported in a 2006 "Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal". The author points out that the nominal level of measurement was the control variables labeled "Personal Characteristics", such as gender, age and position. The paper reports that the measures of the variables, other than those of the personal characteristics, were on a sliding scale, which could not be interpreted as ordinal data or variables. The author reports that the independent variables were the level of job danger, role ambiguity, role conflict, instrumental communication (performance feedback), integration, input to decision-making, supervision, job variety and organizational fairness; the dependent variable of work on family conflict was rated at several different levels.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Nominal Data / Nominal Variables
Ordinal Data / Ordinal Variables
Interval Data / Interval Variables
Ratio Data / Ratio Level Variables
Methodology of Research
Proposed Version of Similar Research

From the Paper
"The goal of yielding a bounty of ratio data would require an expansion of the dependent variable on the survey. In the present research, work on home conflict was limited to nine items varying from time conflict to strain or harm to family life. The researchers determined that only five of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence upon work on home conflict If it is desired to obtain more ratio data, then a new survey should be prepared emphasizing the five areas most likely to antecede work on home conflict and of those items rate the level of each area of work on home conflict established by the first survey."

Tags:scale, antecedents, explanatory, survey, ethnic

Abstract
This paper summarizes, reviews, and analyzes three studies on the precursors and antecedents of shyness and two studies on the outcomes of shyness. The paper explains that the first three studies reviewed focused on biological and socialization factors and the second two focused on the stability and long-term correlates of social withdrawal and on the idea that shyness is only problematic in societies that look negatively upon it. The paper concludes by noting that there are flaws in the studies but also by noting the additional knowledge that all of the studies have brought to the understanding of shyness.

From the Paper
"The first study I found focused on socialization factors during infancy. It was done by Martin Gerhold, et. al. and was called "Early Mother-Infant Interaction as a Precursor to Childhood Social Withdrawal." The infants were three months of age, and the authors examined biological and psychosocial risks, and later social withdrawal, using a hierarchical logistic regression approach. Variables were entered into the regression models as follows: biological and psychosocial risks and sex, mother and child variables (done separately), and lastly, all of the variables were entered together. The results supported their hypothesis in that child behaviors (smiling and gazing) as well as maternal behaviors (facial and motor responsiveness) significantly predicted social withdrawal in middle childhood. Therefore, the authors claim their results suggest that a dysfunctional interaction pattern between mothers and their infants may be a precursor to shyness in childhood (Gerhold, et. al., 2002)."

Tags:molecular, genetic, basis, childhood, temperament, social, behaviors, functional, polymorphisms

From the Paper
"The Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War I , yet virtually none of the parties which signed this document were satisfied with the terms. The two bitterest enemies of the Great War, Germany and France, had suffered devastating losses as a result of four years of intense fighting across their shared borders. Their opposing viewpoints regarding how peace in Europe should be maintained were described in the book, Sources of the Western Tradition, Volume II: From the Renaissance to the Present, edited by Marvin Perry, Joseph R. Peden, and Theodore H. Von Laue (1995).

As victors, the French demanded extreme measures of punishment against the Germans both for reasons of revenge and as a means of securing their territory from future threats of German invasion. The French were in large part motivated by the fact that the major ..."

Abstract
This paper analyzes the concept of a "good death" from the perspectives of nurses, physicians, dying patients, and the families involved. A brief historical overview of the "good death" concept is followed by a detailed analysis of various proposed definitions of the term "good death". This is followed by an analysis of the antecedents and consequences of good death and what applies to the concept. The paper then presents three illustrative cases: a model case, a borderline case, and a contrary case, and concludes with comments on the implications of the concept of good death for nurses and nursing practice.

Outline:
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Alternate and Related Terms and Associated Concepts
Uses of the Concept
Defining Attributes or Components of Good Death
Antecedents of Good Death
Consequences of Good Death
Empirical Referents
Three Illustrative Cases
-A Model Case
-A Borderline Case
-A Contrary Case
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is obvious from the various definitions of the term "good death" that the concept is highly individual, dynamic, and heterogeneous, and varies widely from person to person and culture to culture (Hopkinson, & Hallett, 2002, p. 532; Kehl, 2006, pp. 280-281, 284; Hatori et al., 2006, p. 168; Vig et al., 2002, p. 1546, Masson, 2002, p. 198; Pierson, Curtis, & Patrick, 2002; Schwartz, Mazor, Rogers, Ma, & Reed, 2003). The concept is used in several ways to apply to different but related ideas. In some cases it is used to describe the experience of the dying patient, with a focus on quality of life, respecting wishes, dying with dignity, being free of pain and fear, and having family members around (Hattori, et al., 2006; Hughes, Schumacher, Jacobs-Lawson, & Arnold, 2008; Masson, 2002; Pierson et al., 2002; Vig et al., 2002 ). In other cases it is used to describe the kind of care that should be given to the dying from the healthcare professional's point of view with the emphasis on more practical matters such as who is involved in decision-making, advance directives, use of life-support systems, etc. (Beckstrand, Clark Callister, & Kirchhoff, 2006; Gibson, Gutmanis, Clarke, Wiltshire, Feron, & Gorman, 2008; Haras, 2008; Hopkinson, & Hallett, 2002; Proulx, & Jacelon, 2004). Ideally, the concept should be used to encompass both aspects in one integrated whole."

Tags:dying, hospice care, caregivers, pain management

Abstract
The paper reviews a study done on one mid-western correctional facility that explored the possible antecedents of correctional staff work on family conflict. The paper examines the measures of validity and reliability, as well as proposed changes in methodology for increased validity and reliability. The paper also looks at methodology for the reliability of future studies.

Outline:
Part 1: Validity and Reliability in General
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Predictive Validity
Construct Validity
Alternate-Forms Reliability
Inter-observer Reliability
Inter-item Reliability
Part 2: Improvements in Reliability and Validity
Replication of the Study

From the Paper
"Self reporting studies are inherently, unless carefully crafted, in the areas of validity and reliability. When reviewing validity, the three measurement areas of idiosyncratic individual errors, generic individual errors, and method factors are all difficult to overcome in self reported studies. The perception of self and of surroundings can be as varied as the individuals self reporting the results to the researchers. Further, the motivation to be completely accurate and candid with the researchers is not evident, especially in this case where the researchers were paying for the results. The researchers chose to study only one correctional facility, and of the 450 possible respondents, received only 275 responses. (Lambert & Hogan, 2006, p.21) These factors lead to the low levels of validity and reliability further explored below."

Tags:validity, reliability, replication, methodology

Abstract
This paper demonstrates some of the ways inventions and ways of thinking in the non-Western world have significantly contributed to what has become known today as "Western civilization."

From the Paper
"Today the term globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of the world's economic, social and other systems. For example a consumer in California orders a computer from Dell Computers which has its headquarters in Texas, but the computer itself is built in Malaysia and when the consumer calls the technical support responder answers the phone in India. For many people this increasing interconnectedness of the world seems to be a new phenomenon different from when Europeans drew maps of Europe, Asia and Africa ..."

Tags:antecedents, of, western, civilizaton

Abstract
Since 1992, under the directorship of President Fidel Ramos, the Philippines has embarked upon a productive economic path by implementing a series of economic reforms collectively known as the 'Philippines 2000' program, under which the country's APEC efforts have fallen. However, while the unprecedented growth of the Filipino economy unmistakably expounds the great success of these efforts, it cannot be ignored that the country fails to enjoy a stable economic or political foundation and the economy remains in a transitory period of extremely volatile growth.

From the Paper
"McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co.

This comment will discuss the issue of after-acquired evidence in employment discrimination cases by looking at the Supreme Court decision in McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Co.. The first part of the comment will provide a factual introduction to the case and the issues. The second part of the paper will discuss the antecedents to the decision, focusing mainly upon the Circuit Court decisions in this area. The third part of the paper will discuss the analysis in the case itself and the ramifications of the decision.

Christine McKennon worked for the Nashville Banner Publishing Company for thirty years before she was discharged at age 62. The company claimed that Ms. McKennon was discharged as part of a work force reduction plan which was implemented in order to ..."

Abstract
This paper states that there is no doubt that gender has a significant impact on the emotions of anger and fear. The paper discusses many of the studies developed to measure possible gender-related differences in the experience and are inconclusive but do establish that many of the gender differences are due to social constraints and preconceived stereotypes. The paper illustrates that anger is an emotion largely associated with males and masculinity, whereas fear and emotions associated with loss of control are more frequently associated with females.

From the Paper
"Anger is a primary human emotion that has been the focus of many studies. Whilst many methods of varying success have been used to measure anger, including facial expression, physiological changes (e.g. heart rate) and self-reporting, it is widely agreed that men and women differ both in their experience and expression of anger. Anger is largely viewed as an unpleasant or negative emotion, yet is a necessary and useful tool in the communication of thoughts and feelings to others in order to bring about some sort of change."

Tags:impact, measure, experience, constraints, preconceived, stereotypes

From the Paper
"Anxiety disorders are the most common of all mental disorders. The term "anxiety disorders" describes a wide range of conditions in patients who present with physical and mental symptoms of distress that occur either as attacks or that persist over a period of time. Anxiety disorders are a symptom of almost all mental disorders.

A certain level of anxiety is normal in all individuals in response to certain stimuli. During times of stress, anxiety produces physiological changes that facilitate adaptive performance levels. If anxiety reaches the problem stage, it can negatively influence an individual's daily functioning.
Problem anxiety is characterized by three hallmarks: irrationality, paralysis, and intensity. If an individual's anxiety rages out of proportion to the reality of the danger, it..."