Abstract
This essay will argue that, as was the case with the descriptions of Pytheas, perceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic are governed by a mingling of the imaginative and the economic. In general, the economic perception tends to dominate with the closer proximity to the pole. Thus, it will be argued that European and Canadian views of the Arctic have historically been dominated by a mingling of economic and imaginative factors. In contrast, the distant (from Europe) Antarctic has been a realm dominated by the imagination as much, or more so, than by economic interests.

Abstract
This paper will examine misperceptions of the Arctic and Antarctic landscapes as cognitive constructs. These misperceptions will be analysed as constructs of two different cultures: European and Aboriginal. It will be argued that the Arctic and Antarctic landscapes have, over the centuries, functioned as a geographical equivalent of a psychological Rorschach test; vast white landscapes upon which we (or rather, white male explorers) have imposed readings that reveal more about ourselves than about the geographic realities of the spaces. In contrast to this, the views of peoples indigenous to the Arctic may be seen as a more valid perception of this forbidding environment.

Abstract
This research paper examines the Antarctic Treaty and what it has meant to the uninhabited continent. The paper goes over the current situation, as it has been outlined by the treaty, and examines how the United Nations is taking an active role in preserving the integrity of this region of the planet. A variety of issues that have arisen in Antarctica and what has been done to rectify them is examined as well as how tourism is affecting the environment and threatening the natural geography of the continent. In addition, the paper goes over the history of Antarctica and looks at how the continent was discovered and how the various land claims can into fruition.

From the Paper
"The United Nations eventually decided that a treaty was needed in order to assure that the region would not become a battlefield, as a variety of different countries had laid claim to different areas, some of which overlapped. Therefore, one of the most important parts of this treaty is that there shall be no military involvement in the area, even if it is just for testing or for practicing military operations. Also, since changes in climate have already caused pieces of the continent to break off and more are expected to follow, there will be a new value placed up the resources of Antarctica in the future. This is because Antarctica has more fresh water than anywhere else in the world. With the world's depleting water resources becoming a global issues, it is important for the United Nations to keep control of this area, in order to prevent any violence from erupting in the future as a result of these valuable resources."

Tags:tourism, water, resources, United, Nations

Abstract
This paper discusses the enduring popularity of Ernest Shackleton who was involved in a legendary Antarctic expedition. It particularly focuses on why interest in Ernest Shackleton increased dramatically in about 1995 and lasted until 2003. It discusses the expedition and looks at the film "The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition," that The Burke Museum of Natural History at the University of Washington showed in 2001.

From the Paper
"With the release of the new information, there followed a wide range of materials dealing with Shackleton. These included two biographies suitable for elementary students (Marcovitz; reviewed by Ching; Calvert, reviewed by McLoughlin), and two others suitable for middle school students (Plimpton, reviewed by Cohen; reviewed by Jones; Johnson, reviewed by Engberg, and reviewed by Gawron). At the same time, there has been a remarkable general revival of interest in all things from these expeditions. Captain Scott's snow goggles were recently sold at auction for more than L20,000, and a biscuit recovered from that expedition went for a remarkable L4,000 (Smith 50)."

Tags:endurance, exploration, journey

Abstract
This paper looks at the discovery of the effects of CFCs on ozone, and discovery of the ozone hole over the Antarctic. It examines the chemistry of CFCs, ozone and ozone depletion in detail.

From the Paper
"When refrigerators were first introduced in the early ... s they used toxic gases as coolants and leaks caused a number of fatal accidents. (Healing) This led an Ohio chemist Thomas Midgley to introduce a family of non-toxic, highly stable refrigerant gases known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in and his invention was hailed as a miracle as no one suspected the harmful effect these refrigerants would have on the environment. Industry found a range of uses for CFCs. A CFC named Freon was..."

Tags:CFCs, ozone depletion, ozone hole, Antarctic

Abstract
Antarctic expeditions became the symbol of ordeals, especially during the Heroic Age of Exploration when Ernest Shackleton capably led a pack of 27 officers, scientists and seamen for almost two years in a trapped, stranded and then crushed expedition ship named Endurance. The paper shows that polar explorers of the time were held up as heroes, often tragic ones, by the people for their unusual sacrifices. Shackleton earned the praise and recognition to a superior degree for the way he managed his team and the daring he exuded during the 1914-1916 British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The paper shows that these 27 men and millions will always remember how he placed his crew's total well-being above all other considerations in those most trying and nearly desperate times in the pack ice of the Weddell Sea. The paper presents a thorough look at Shackleton's leadership skills.

From the Paper
"Shackleton's objective was to cross the Antarctic content from coast to coast through the South Pole with a distance of approximately 1800 miles from the Weddell Sea, south of South America, a completely un-explored region of Antarctica. From there, he and his crew would proceed to the South Pole and into the Ross Sea south of New Zealand. They were on board a newly constructed ship intended for tourist cruises in the Arctic shipyard in Norway. Despite Shackleton's warning, applications from volunteers poured in. Funding even first became a problem and Shackleton desperately sought money while recruiting and preparing those he selected. Funding was finally secured by July 1914."

Tags:Nimrod, Expedition, Frank, Hurley, Lionel, Greenstreet

Abstract
This essay looks at the consequences of climate change in Antarctica. The causes of climate change are examined. The impacts of climate change on the environment of the Antarctic are analyzed. Furthermore, some impacts that would result from climate change in the Antarctic, but would have global consequences mainly as the result of global warming, are also examined.

From the Paper
"The Earth's climate is changing and there is more and more evidence of global warming. This essay looks at these climate changes and its consequences, focusing in particular on Antarctica, as it is a very sensitive region yet of vital importance to the overall global climate. The Earth's climate has always oscillated, but unlike previously climate change in the last decades, has mostly been due to human activity also outlined in the essay. The changes are particularly drastic in a fragile environment such as the Antarctic and Arctic."

Tags:antarctica, climatechange, globalwarming

Abstract
This paper examines the recent interest in life on Mars. Since the discovery of an asteroid of Martian origins with potentially organic fossils in it in the Antarctic in 1996, this theory has been revived. Scientists now cast doubt on this theory but five missions to Mars are still planned for 2003.

Abstract
The growing population of humans on Earth has led to some undesirable outcomes, namely a population of industrial producers. This paper looks at some of the scientific data that supports the idea that the Earth's temperatures are rising. The paper shows how greenhouse gases produced by humans can be held accountable for at least some of these drastic changes to the environment. Today global warming is one of the most discussed and debated environmental concerns. Global warming concerns every life form on earth, and can cause major ecological disruptions. The paper discusses how the ozone layer forms and breaks up continuously and how there are several pollutants that can cause ozone to breakup more rapidly than it does naturally. It shows how the most drastic changes in the ozone layer are visible over the Antarctic continent, where a hole in the ozone has formed.

From the Paper
"Planet Earth is able to support life with the help of trapped radiation from the sun. Known as the greenhouse effect, radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface warming the oceans and land. Varying season to season, the sun heats the Earth creating sustainable temperatures for life. This sustainability has developed an overabundance of life, and helped human population soar. The growing population of humans on earth has led to some undesirable outcomes, namely a population of industrial producers. There is much scientific data that supports the idea that the Earth's temperatures are rising. Greenhouse gases produced by humans can be held accountable for at least some of these drastic changes to the environment."

Tags:atmosphere, carbon, dioxide, gases, greenhouse, ozone

Abstract
This paper explores various issues in political geography: the world systems theory and the Vietnam War, the centripetal and centrifugal forces in Pakistan, Argentina's core areas, the Antarctic Treaty System, and Bamako, Mali.

Tags:issues, political, geography