Abstract
The following research proposal is for a second year urban geography course. The topic of the proposal is gentrification in the Annex.

From the Paper
"For this assignment the phenomena of gentrification will be examined in detail. Gentrification is defined as, The Process of neighbourhood upgrading by relatively affluent incomers who move into a poorer neighbourhood in sufficient numbers to displace lower-income groups and transform its social identity (Pacione 670). Gentrification is occurring in many different cities including Toronto. However, gentrification takes different forms and proceeds at different rates in different neighbourhoods. This assignment will examine the Toronto neighbourhood known as the Annex in order to explore the nature of gentrification in this area. Secondary questions will focus on property values in the Annex and displacement issues."

Tags:gentrification, toronto, proposal

Abstract
This paper explains that the MARPOL Annex VI protocol is concerned with the prevention of ship-source air pollution in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and other air-borne pollutants, but a number of challenges remain in terms of its effectiveness and enforceability, which are the subject of this study. The author points out that the research showed that the maritime industry continues to be the largest unregulated source of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and represents serious long-term challenges to providing viable ozone standards in coastal regions. The paper concludes that any option that involves extensive re-blending or refinery processing changes, which will almost certainly produce a marine fuel substantially different in quality than the industry standard for the past 50 years have, will be costly and therefore driven largely by economic forces. Tables.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Research Questions
Research Methodology
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Operational Aspects of a Sulphur Limit on Marine Fuels
Analysis and Discussion
Implications, Effects, and Challenges Faced by Operators, Owners, Authorities on the Low Sulphur Cap
Invest in Residue Desulphurisation (RDS)
The Availability of Low-Sulphur Fuels in the Future
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Article 211 of the 1982 LOS Convention provides the general guidelines for vessel-source pollution; for example, Article 211(3) requires the port state to notify others, through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), of requirements to be met before a vessel is permitted to enter the port state's territorial waters. Today, the IMO has around 160 members and is headed by a secretary-general, who serves a four-year term and oversees a Secretariat staff of approximately 300--one of the smallest UN agency staffs. All members are represented in the Assembly, the IMO's primary policy-making body, which meets once every two years. The Council, originally consisting of 24 members but subsequently increased to 32 (a 1993 resolution suggested an increased membership of 40, but it remains unratified); the Council meets twice each year and is tasked with governing the organization between Assembly sessions."

Tags:nitrogen-oxides, effectiveness, enforceability, guidelines, re-blending

Abstract
Although the Japanese were an unwanted power in Korea, the effects of Japanese colonization can still be seen in Korea today. This paper shall address the history of Japan in Korea, as well as demonstrate the lasting effects of Japanese colonization in modern Korea.

Abstract
This paper explains how the Anschluss, or the annexation of Austria to Germany, was one of the most important events in World War II. The author believes that had Hitler not taken over Austria, he would not have been able to gain as much power and domination over Europe as Austria provided the Nazis with land, people and natural resources. Annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Austria's land was a major advantage to the Nazi's. Though the country is not enormous in size, it's 83,858 kilometers gave Hitler land that he did not have before.(Steeb 1999, pg 2) The country, about the size of Maine made up for Germany's insignificant amount of land. The two countries together could make a much bigger empire then if they were not joined. With more land, the Nazis could take more power over Europe and expand out to other countries as well. "

Tags:third, reich, annex, WWII, nazi

Abstract
This paper reviews the book "The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon and the Mexican War" by David M. Pletcher and explains why the book is considered by many to be one of the most pivotal works on American history. The author discusses Pletcher's theses on the annexation of Texas, the Mexican war and also the acquisition of Oregon. The paper also comments on Pletcher's views on racism and slavery that was present in the later half of the 1800s as well as his validation of the U.S' expansion efforts with regards to the Manifest Destiny. In closing, the paper praises Pletcher's attempt of explaining the complicated history of the U.S and also successfully drawing parallels between the past and the present.

Outline:
Introduction.
Territorial Expansion-Annexation of Texas
Takeover of Oregon
Racism
Southerners Seeking to Extend Slavery
Manifest Destiny
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To clear up some misconceptions about the state of Texas, Pletcher puts away the false, somewhat candy-coated notion that Texas was gained by the US as a result of diplomacy with Mexico. First, an important point is made in the book- while many falsely believe that President Polk was responsible for the annexation of Texas, Pletcher makes a point to indicate that in fact the Texas issue was already resolved by the time that Polk took office, having been completed by his predecessor, President Tyler, several days before Polk assumed the job of the presidency."

Tags:war acquisition, manifest destiny

Abstract
This paper explains that, from the time when Kamehameha the Great unified the islands in 1810, to the overthrow of the Hawaiian government in 1893, Hawaii metamorphosed from a feudal society into an independent constitutional monarchy, which, compared to the similar development in Europe, practically happened overnight in Hawaii. The author points out, that in 1887, a group of American and European businessmen and an armed militia, associated with a secret society called the Hawaiian League, which favored annexation to the United States, forced the king at gunpoint with a bayonet at his throat to accept what is today known as the Bayonet Constitution. The paper relates that President Grover Cleveland had refused to approve the annexation of Hawaii; however, in 1896, William McKinley replaced Cleveland as president and gave his blessing to annexation.

From the Paper
"The Wilson-Gorman Act passed by Congress in 1894 discontinued the bonus to sugar producers in the United States and restored the tariff on sugar imported into that country, so that the Hawaiian sugar industry once more enjoyed the benefits conferred by the reciprocity treaty. Consequently the labor question again became pressing. In the 1880's the government had begun the introduction of contract laborers from Japan in order to counterbalance the Chinese and restrictions had been placed upon the immigration of Chinese. In the 1890's the situation was reversed. By 1896, the Japanese made up nearly a fourth of the whole population. There were real fears that Hawaii might become a Japanese colony. Various measures were therefore adopted to reduce the volume of Japanese immigration and to encourage the immigration of Chinese. Yet during three years, from 1895 to 1897 that this policy was followed, the number of Japanese immigrants still exceeded the Chinese by more than two thousand."

Tags:kamehameha, monarchy, sugar, japan, bayonet

Abstract
This paper examines Japanese justifications of the occupation and Annexation of Korea (circa 1900-1925). It outlines three such documents and considers their weaknesses. It concludes by comparing and contrasting Japanese justifications of the occupation and Annexation of Korea with 'Eurocentric' thought.

Abstract
This paper will explore the 1910 to 1945 period of Korean history when Korea was controlled by Japan. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and forced Korea to take a new direction. The discussion will begin with a brief examination of a much earlier period time when, ironically, The Koreans were the ones who exerted a powerful influence on the Japanese. This will help one to understand the more recent history (in this history) of the country because it will reveal that Japan and Korea have actually had long-standing relationships. In addition, there will be some mention of the period of time just before the annexation of Korea by Japan.

Abstract
This paper is a close textual commentary of one part of Lord Dalhousie's address to the Court of Directors of the East India Company, written in 1856. It follows the main ideas of the text and is organized in three parts. The first one concentrates on the new British annexations in India, the second addresses the economic advantages of the situation and the reforms carried out. Finally, the paper attempts to reveal what Dalhousie has chosen not to say in his report. The purpose of this commentary is to show historical events under an unbiased light and at the same time to explain a text that does not take into account all sides of the problem of British Imperialism. Dalhousie text is included as an Appendix of this paper. This is a textual commentary and was written for an oral presentation during a history of the British Empire class.

From the Paper
"The period 1943 - 1856 marked the end of the process of expansion and the consolidation of the British Raj. The second half of the 1850s witnessed the climax of mid-Victorian power, prosperity and enterprise. In England, the predominant philosophy was that of adaptation and improvement. After the definitive annexation of new territories, British power and prestige seemed to be finally asserted and the period is, therefore, often referred to as one of "British supremacy" or "British paramountcy". The political and economic philosophies that ruled internal affairs were exported within the British Dominions - it was the age of the new Indian schools, of the first Indian railway lines, of uniform postage, and of the Indian telegraph. The text at hand illustrates British attitudes to the Empire during that period and, as a primary source document, provides a detailed report on British activity in India. It is delivered by Lord Dalhousie to the Court of Directors of the East India Company. James Andrew Broun Ramsay Marquess and 10th Earl of Dalhousie (1812 - 1860) spent 8 years in India (from 1848 to 1856), fought two wars (the II Sikh and II Burmese wars), worked on a number of reforms, and occupied the post of Governor General."

Tags:british, commentary, dalhousie, economy, empire, general, governor, historical, history, india, indian, international, relations, research, texts, writings

Abstract
This paper examines the sociological history of Mexican Americans from the annexation of Mexico after the Mexican American War to the present. It analyzes the personal accounts of three Mexican Americans from different time periods, and describes the discrimination Mexican Americans have faced throughout their history. The author states that Mexican Americans have been a valuable asset to American society.

From the Paper
"From the time of the annexation of Mexico by the United States until the present day, Mexican Americans have faced severe hardship and discrimination, but their presence in the United States has resulted in a largely positive impact on both the lives of these individuals and the nation as a whole. Many of these individuals came to the United States in search of a better, more prosperous way of life, and a large number of them succeeded in this. At the same time, they have added to the economy and cultural diversity of the United States. The narratives of three typical Mexican Americans living in different time periods, Jesus Garza, Camelia Palafox, and Maria Jimenez show the obstacles typical Mexican Americans have faced and what reward they have received."

Tags:illegal, immigration, international, labor, mexico, migrant, nafta, relations, war