Abstract
This paper tries to understand the phenomena why so many Americans have such animosity to the French. It looks at the common history that the two nations share, the similarities and also their differences and asks where the root of this animosity started.

From the paper:

"France is a member of the European community and French is spoken all over the world, from Europe to North America to Africa. Yet why are there so many jokes about, and so much animosity towards the French? Some of the problems Americans have with the French perhaps stem from the fact that the French seem fairly similar to us on the surface in appearance and prosperity, yet act so differently. For instance, many English words have French roots due to the Norman invasion of our parent country of England in 1066. (Let's Go 59) Yet the French, even in contrast to other European countries, have always gone "their own way," perhaps most famously Charles DeGaulle's bowing out of NATO during the formation of that organization after World War II."

Tags:Norman, language, foreign, government, reason, intellect, beaurocracy, prestige, ethnocentric, culture, social, norms

Abstract
Examines anti-American hatred of many Islamic States of the world. Offers various explanations as to why anti-American animosity has developed. The threat of modernity and secularization posed by the U.S. to Muslims. The Persian Gulf War. American support for Israel. View of Islamic fundamentalists and extremists that the U.S. is "Satan."

From the Paper
"An Exploration of Muslim Animosity Toward the U.S.

The events of September 11, 2001, served to confirm what American government officials and many private citizens have long recognized: within the Islamic States of the world, there are many, many Muslims whose feelings toward the United States can only be described as hatred, contempt, and disgust. The question to be considered in this report is why this anti-American animosity has developed. Various explanations have been offered, among which are the belief that America has unfairly supported Israel and ignored the interests of the Palestinians (Sheler, 2001).

Other explanations of this phenomenon have been discussed by Sultan Shahin (1995) who argues that Islam views the West as an excessively secular civilization in which genuine religious feeling ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between the United States and France. It describes the history of anti-American sentiment in France and the reasons for these negative perceptions. The paper also looks at the animosity of the United States towards the French. The paper concludes that although the Franco-American relationship has not always been the warmest of international partnerships, it appears that the two nations will continue to be allies long into the future.

From the Paper
"Although the Franco-American relationship has not always been the warmest of international partnerships, it appears to be the case that the two nations will continue to be allies long into the future. Despite a long-standing history of mutual dislike, the United States remains the only French ally against which that nation has never gone to war. The differences between the two nations appear largely to be the province of the political establishments thereof; in general the people of both countries enjoy each other and their mutual exports (particularly the French enjoy many of the trappings of American culture, much to the chagrin of French intellectuals). These differences seem to arise out of political expediency for lawmakers in the two nations rather than any sort of extreme hatred, and in France many intellectuals are beginning to counter anti-American arguments. The relationship between the United States and France may be somewhat dysfunctional, but because of their shared values and beliefs, the two nations share more similarities than differences and will most likely continue to cooperate in the future."

Tags:ally, animosity, occupation, territory

Abstract
This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.

Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan
Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan
Pakistan
India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries

From the Paper
"In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."

Tags:archrivals, partition, kashmir, terrorism, religion

Abstract
This paper discusses how two books, "Red Azaliea: Life and Love in China" by Anchee Min and "Lost Names: Scenes from a Korean boyhood" by Richard Kim, portray societies in which ordinary life is subject to extraordinary political repression. How do authorities in each case try to assert control? How do the protagonists come to an outlook different from the official line? Both of the central characters in these autobiographies suffer at the hands of oppressors, and both survive to live better lives. The authorities use power, control, and repression to hang on to their political authority, but all they do is create hatred and animosity in the people, and ultimately, their control comes crashing down around them.

From the Paper
"Both of these autobiographical tales show the great cruelties and evils that can be inflicted on a society by an aggressor or a despot who employ extraordinary political repression. In "Lost Names," Kim's memories of occupied Koreas show how the Japanese attempted to infiltrate every facet of Korean life. The Japanese begin programming the young Koreans early by hanging the Japanese flag and propagandist slogans in their school classrooms (Kim 31). Throughout the book, the Japanese break the Koreans; spirit by stealing what is theirs by their hard work, and leaving them with next to nothing. For example, the Japanese take the prevalent and favored rice from the Koreans and send it home to Japan, leaving the Koreans feeling nothing but hunger and bitterness. "

Tags:autobiographical, cruelty, despot, political, koreas, japanese, ho, chi, mihn, china

Abstract
Employers are constantly looking for ways to attract qualified employees, and bonus plans have been a driving force in the business world. In recent years, the consequences of such plans have been carefully scrutinized. This paper examines some of the consequences that companies face when they make a decision to implement bonus plans. The discussion focuses on steps that can be taken to avoid the negative consequences of bonus plans, which include animosity among workers, lower productivity, and poor employee loyalty.

From the Paper
"The article, "Bonus Plans: Why Most fail" explains that one of the best ways to avoid the negative consequences of bonus plans is to simply offer a fair wage. (Porter 2003) The author argues that the consequences associated with bonus plans could be eliminated if employers offered a living wage that is higher than that of similar companies in the same community. (Porter 2003) The author contends that offering a living wage coupled with holding employees accountable for their performance, will create the benefits that a bonus plan offers while avoiding the consequences that bonus plans present. (Porter 2003)"

Tags:incentive, performance

Abstract
Discusses the 1995 DPA that ended the Civil War in Bosnia. Division of Bosnia into the Serb Republic and the Federation (Muslim-Croat). DPA successful in peace keeping but ineffective in consensus building. High ethnic animosity. Issue of war crimes. Factors that act against reunification of Bosnia.

From the Paper
"The principal achievement of the 1995 Dayton Peace Accords (DPA) was the cessation of the civil war in Bosnia. The peace has been maintained for nearly six years, but this is only because of the presence of large numbers of U.S. and coalition troops. Some DPA objectives have barely begun to be accomplished. The return of minority refugees to various parts of the country, for instance, has been extremely slow and has met with resistance from potential returnees and those who drove them out in the first place. Ethnic animosity has remained extremely high according to most reports and this is mirrored in the perpetual instability of the central government of the Republic now known as Bosnia-Herzegovina. Despite the successful maintenance of peace the Dayton Accords offer very little in the way of a viable framework for reuniting Bosnia into an ..."

Abstract
The paper states that the Islamic rule over Spain lasted for almost 800 years, starting in 711 A.D., and left its indelible marks on the Spanish culture and European history. The author describes several Muslim contributions. The paper concludes that the contribution of the Muslims to the European Renaissance is obscured by centuries of prejudice and animosity towards the Muslims in Spain.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background & Reasons for the Easy Conquest
Culture
The Golden Period (756-1031 A.D.)
Architecture
Language
Other Influences of Muslim Spain
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Andalusian Umayyad dynasty ruled Muslim Spain for about three centuries (756-1031). In the early part of the dynasty, Andalusia was an independent kingdom. It became a caliphate in 929 when Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph. His capital, C'rdoba, became the most splendid city in Europe apart from Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), and as noted earlier, the Spanish civilization during the Muslim rule was far in advance of the rest of Europe. Numerous schools were built, many of them provided free education to the poor. There were several Muslim universities where medicine, mathematics, philosophy, and literature were studied and researched."

Tags:europe, culture, architecture, language, muslim, renaissance, conquest, golden, period, iberian, peninsula, jewish, christian, berbers, visigothics, rdoba, granada, alhambra, mosque, moorish, hispanic, agriculture, toledo, intellectual, center, library

Abstract
Early Americans had little sympathy for the homeless. When not ignored, homeless people were regarded with fear and contempt. Animosity was especially strong toward the homeless mentally ill. The homeless were generally shunted from one community to another due to the prevailing attitude that a community's social responsibility extended only to their resident poor.

From the Paper
"Early Americans had little sympathy for the homeless. When not ignored, homeless people were regarded with fear and contempt. Animosity was especially strong toward the homeless mentally ill. The homeless were generally shunted from one community to another due to the prevailing attitude that a community's social responsibility extended only to their resident poor. Homelessness was considered a temporary condition brought on either by unforeseen tragedy or lack of personal diligence. Therefore, homelessness did not become an official concern of public policymakers until after 1930.

Sociologists agree that homelessness involves more than merely not having a roof over one's head. Albeit the lack of a stable residence is an important component of this definition. For people in extreme poverty, the lack of a domicile is a ..."

Abstract
The paper discusses how the Albanians of Kosovo were forced to partake in a mass migration move due to the dramatic rise in the degree of ethnic animosity and violence in the region, threatening the very existence of minorities, Albanians as well as others. The paper explores the reasons behind the sudden increase in Albanians seeking to leave Kosovo, including the role which NATO's attacks on the region played in their leaving. Finally, the paper examines why Switzerland became the Albanians' chosen immigration destination.

From the Paper
"The best thing about the Swiss policy in regard to refugees is that they're virtually no degree of discrimination in accordance to the manner, in which the refugees are treated in all aspects, this being apparent in light of the fact that once they cross the age of 16, all refugees are given a sum of CHF 3,250 [EUR 2,101] in order to attend language courses provided by private organizations. Furthermore, there are no restrictions implemented upon the refugees in terms of work, education, social welfare and citizenship too, the criteria for refugees being virtually the same as the one applying to citizens; A refugee who has been resident in Switzerland for at least 12 years may apply for Swiss citizenship."

Tags:Yugoslavia, Switzerland, Serbia, NATO, resettlement