Abstract
This paper tries to understand the phenomena why so many Americans have such animosity to the French. It looks at the common history that the two nations share, the similarities and also their differences and asks where the root of this animosity started.

From the paper:

"France is a member of the European community and French is spoken all over the world, from Europe to North America to Africa. Yet why are there so many jokes about, and so much animosity towards the French? Some of the problems Americans have with the French perhaps stem from the fact that the French seem fairly similar to us on the surface in appearance and prosperity, yet act so differently. For instance, many English words have French roots due to the Norman invasion of our parent country of England in 1066. (Let's Go 59) Yet the French, even in contrast to other European countries, have always gone "their own way," perhaps most famously Charles DeGaulle's bowing out of NATO during the formation of that organization after World War II."

Tags:Norman, language, foreign, government, reason, intellect, beaurocracy, prestige, ethnocentric, culture, social, norms

Abstract
Examines anti-American hatred of many Islamic States of the world. Offers various explanations as to why anti-American animosity has developed. The threat of modernity and secularization posed by the U.S. to Muslims. The Persian Gulf War. American support for Israel. View of Islamic fundamentalists and extremists that the U.S. is "Satan."

From the Paper
"An Exploration of Muslim Animosity Toward the U.S.

The events of September 11, 2001, served to confirm what American government officials and many private citizens have long recognized: within the Islamic States of the world, there are many, many Muslims whose feelings toward the United States can only be described as hatred, contempt, and disgust. The question to be considered in this report is why this anti-American animosity has developed. Various explanations have been offered, among which are the belief that America has unfairly supported Israel and ignored the interests of the Palestinians (Sheler, 2001).

Other explanations of this phenomenon have been discussed by Sultan Shahin (1995) who argues that Islam views the West as an excessively secular civilization in which genuine religious feeling ..."

From the Paper
"It sometimes seems that the nations of Greece and Turkey should take up the poet Robert Frost's axiom that "Good fences make good neighbors", for the two countries have been continually, if intermittently, at conflict with each other for centuries. At the moment, tensions have relaxed as much as they have during any time in the last quarter-century and it would be all too easy to indulge in a sense of giddy optimism over the state of affairs in this part of the world if one had not seen all of this happen before, only to see the countries once more fall into roles of antagonism. This paper looks at the historical roots of this regional antagonism and at what basis there is for current optimism.

The paper focuses on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, partitioned for the past quarter century between Turks and ..."

Abstract
This paper explains that the apparently easy acceptance of a granddaughter, the child of the unmarried teenager, into the family and into the home illustrates the strengths of this family; however, a core issue is the unspoken animosities between the family members. Next, the author reviews the ways that this family perform the societal functions of a family unit, such as reproduction, socialization, affection, economic security and kinship and sexual roles. The paper concludes that the issues created by the addition of the child and the new responsibilities of its mother need to be addressed through counseling.

From the Paper
"The Morrison family has some inter-generational issues. First, Bruce's father is elderly and now living with his sister. He probably feels some sense of guilt in that he wasn't able to take his father in himself. How this will affect his decision-making one can only wait and see. But the family is at risk for other inter-generational issues with Cynthia and Tara living there. It is going to be hard for Maria, as the main caregiver to her children, to step aside and allow Cynthia to form her own caregiver role of Tara. Maria is going to want to take over at times when she shouldn't. "

Tags:animosity, medical bills, roles depression control

Abstract
The paper illustrates the terrors and unremitting hostility of Ivan IV and shows how Russia suffered greatly under his leadership. The paper discusses how, although Ivan started out with improvements for Russia in mind and certainly had the intelligence and political pull to accomplish great things, he allowed himself and his government to get dragged down in impossible battles. The paper shows how due to his mental state, Ivan ran his government in a formidable way and was considered fearsome by many of his subjects. The paper concludes that Ivan perpetuated the flawed system and created deep animosities that would cause more problems in the future.

From the Paper
"The baby destined to be Ivan IV was born to Tsar Vasily III and his second wife, Elena Glinskaia. Vasily III was much older than Ivan's mother. By the time Ivan was born, he was desperate for a son to be the future tsar of Russia. Vasily's first wife, Solomonia, never produced a child of either sex. After years of marriage, Vasily pursued a controversial divorce and re-marriage. Vasily received permission for his new marriage from the Metropolitan Daniel in Russia, however, Vasily wanted assurance from a higher power and sought approval from the Greek Patriarch who may have inadvertently cursed the unborn Ivan. The Patriarch wrote to Vasily, "if you contract a second marriage, you will have a wicked son; your states will be prey to terror and tears; rivers of blood will flow; the heads of the mighty will fall; your cities will be devoured by flames.""

Tags:Tsar, Russia, paranoia, murder, rivals

Abstract
This paper analyzes the problematic relationship between Britain and Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th century. The paper provides an historical overview of the root causes of the tensions which erupted in civil war in the early 20th century. The paper begins with the religious conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism. The author also explores the impact of the Reformation and of the potato famine. Throughout the paper, the author maintains that the breaking point was reached not due to one event, but to a centuries-long series of animosities, bad policies, overreactions, strategic blunders and natural disasters. The paper is well-cited and provides historical proof of its theses.

From the Paper
"There being so many mingled motivations for problems between Ireland and Britain, one might start looking at any of them and eventually see how they are related to the others. But starting near the "beginning" also has its attractions. To begin with, Ireland was Christian before what became England was. Ireland's conversion from paganism began in the early fifth century, whereas the conversion of the inhabitants of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that later became England didn't begin until the late sixth and early seventh centuries. It should be noted that the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons was directly from Rome, which sent Augustine the Monk to convert the pagans to the Roman Church. This was done, in part, because of fears by Roman Catholic Pope Gregory I (the Great) that the Irish Christians, who were not then under the direct control of Rome, would accomplish the conversion of England and thus keep it out of the Roman orbit. While Augustine was establishing the first Catholic church at Canterbury, Celtic Christian missionaries from Ireland were at work converting areas of northern England. It took a synod of English Churchmen in 664 to decide that all of England would adhere to the teachings of the Latin Church. Concerns about the Irish and their culture antedate by many centuries the Irish issue becoming a matter of Catholics versus Protestants. In the beginning, it was Irish Christians against Catholics (Cantor 175)."

Tags:Catholic, Protestant, Northern, Irish, Anglo, Saxon, reformation, famine, potato

Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between the United States and France. It describes the history of anti-American sentiment in France and the reasons for these negative perceptions. The paper also looks at the animosity of the United States towards the French. The paper concludes that although the Franco-American relationship has not always been the warmest of international partnerships, it appears that the two nations will continue to be allies long into the future.

From the Paper
"Although the Franco-American relationship has not always been the warmest of international partnerships, it appears to be the case that the two nations will continue to be allies long into the future. Despite a long-standing history of mutual dislike, the United States remains the only French ally against which that nation has never gone to war. The differences between the two nations appear largely to be the province of the political establishments thereof; in general the people of both countries enjoy each other and their mutual exports (particularly the French enjoy many of the trappings of American culture, much to the chagrin of French intellectuals). These differences seem to arise out of political expediency for lawmakers in the two nations rather than any sort of extreme hatred, and in France many intellectuals are beginning to counter anti-American arguments. The relationship between the United States and France may be somewhat dysfunctional, but because of their shared values and beliefs, the two nations share more similarities than differences and will most likely continue to cooperate in the future."

Tags:ally, animosity, occupation, territory

Abstract
This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.

Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan
Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan
Pakistan
India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries

From the Paper
"In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."

Tags:archrivals, partition, kashmir, terrorism, religion

Abstract
Early Americans had little sympathy for the homeless. When not ignored, homeless people were regarded with fear and contempt. Animosity was especially strong toward the homeless mentally ill. The homeless were generally shunted from one community to another due to the prevailing attitude that a community's social responsibility extended only to their resident poor.

From the Paper
"Early Americans had little sympathy for the homeless. When not ignored, homeless people were regarded with fear and contempt. Animosity was especially strong toward the homeless mentally ill. The homeless were generally shunted from one community to another due to the prevailing attitude that a community's social responsibility extended only to their resident poor. Homelessness was considered a temporary condition brought on either by unforeseen tragedy or lack of personal diligence. Therefore, homelessness did not become an official concern of public policymakers until after 1930.

Sociologists agree that homelessness involves more than merely not having a roof over one's head. Albeit the lack of a stable residence is an important component of this definition. For people in extreme poverty, the lack of a domicile is a ..."

Abstract
The paper states that the Islamic rule over Spain lasted for almost 800 years, starting in 711 A.D., and left its indelible marks on the Spanish culture and European history. The author describes several Muslim contributions. The paper concludes that the contribution of the Muslims to the European Renaissance is obscured by centuries of prejudice and animosity towards the Muslims in Spain.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background & Reasons for the Easy Conquest
Culture
The Golden Period (756-1031 A.D.)
Architecture
Language
Other Influences of Muslim Spain
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Andalusian Umayyad dynasty ruled Muslim Spain for about three centuries (756-1031). In the early part of the dynasty, Andalusia was an independent kingdom. It became a caliphate in 929 when Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph. His capital, C'rdoba, became the most splendid city in Europe apart from Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), and as noted earlier, the Spanish civilization during the Muslim rule was far in advance of the rest of Europe. Numerous schools were built, many of them provided free education to the poor. There were several Muslim universities where medicine, mathematics, philosophy, and literature were studied and researched."

Tags:europe, culture, architecture, language, muslim, renaissance, conquest, golden, period, iberian, peninsula, jewish, christian, berbers, visigothics, rdoba, granada, alhambra, mosque, moorish, hispanic, agriculture, toledo, intellectual, center, library