Abstract
This paper examines the views of Tylor and how he regarded animism as the most primitive stage in the evolution of religion. He thought all religions, from the most primitive to the most complex, shared some sort of animistic belief. Tylor suggested that the experience of primitive people lead them to believe in the human spirit.

From the Paper
"Primitive people lived close to nature in a way modern people could scarcely imagine. They were bombarded with phenomena they couldn't explain or predict animal attacks, floods, disease. They must have had an overwhelming sense of powerlessness. It would seem natural that primitive people would have made some attempt to explain the phenomena of their world. Tylor suggested that the concept of an eternal soul or spirit arose from an attempt of primitive people to explain their experience of sleeping, dreaming, and death. Tylor suggested that primitive people decided that, during these times, a spirit, a force separate from the physical body, leaves. In sleep or in a dream, the spirit may journey and interact with other spirits, then return. In death it leaves for good. Sickness, too, could then be explained as the spirit's departure, either to subsequently return, or leave for good. (Tylor)"

Tags:animal, spirit, evolution, creation, primitive, instinct

Abstract
The paper discusses how in evaluating the artistic treatment of animals, it is important for those creating them to acknowledge the limits of representing nature by utilizing human-specific devices or technologies as a medium. The paper asserts that artistic portrayals of animals must work to interrogate hierarchical and false notions of animals that are purely human constructs, and find ways to express themselves without using tropes that fall victim to the assumption that certain animals (whether human or otherwise) are somehow intrinsically more valuable than others. The paper points out that trends in popular society such as increased awareness of environmental toxins, animal rights legislation, and poststructuralist theoretical approaches have offered avenues for promoting a more accurate and humane way of viewing animals, however, such recent developments will not alone suffice in generating a shift in popular consciousness regarding nonhuman nature and humanity's place in it. The paper argues that such trends must be reinforced in multiple areas to include the ways animals are represented creatively, and the values implicit in acts of representation.

From the Paper
"In evaluating the artistic treatment of animals, it is important for those creating them to acknowledge the limits of representing nature by utilizing human-specific devices or technologies as a medium. That said, artistic portrayals of animals must work to interrogate hierarchical and false notions of animals that are purely human constructs, and find ways to express themselves without using tropes that fall victim to the assumption that certain animals (whether human or otherwise) are somehow intrinsically more valuable than others. Trends in popular society such as increased awareness of environmental toxins, animal rights legislation,..."

Tags:animals, literary, representation

Abstract
The paper argues that animal cruelty is a serious problem that continues to increase; each year more animals are either abused or neglected with this problem being associated with child abuse and domestic violence. The paper reveals that children, teenagers, and adults commit crimes of animal cruelty whether it is through game fights with animals or by showing violence to animals. The paper maintains that strict laws concerning animal abuse should be passed to stop animal cruelty.

From the Paper
"Approximately 60 million families have one or more pets in the United States (Through Their Eyes). How many of these families with pets have sprayed or neutered them? How many animals are not receiving the basic care that is needed for these pets to survive? How many of these families have an abuser who regularly harms the family pet? Animal cruelty is a serious problem that continues to increase. Each year more animals are either abused or neglected with this problem being associated with child abuse and domestic violence. Children, teenagers, and adults commit crimes of animal cruelty whether it is through game fights with animals or by..."

Tags:animals, cruelty, laws

Abstract
The author of the paper relates the history of the Hanna Barbera animation studio. The writer examines the studio's founders and their activities prior to the founding of the studio and the factors that influenced the founding of the Hanna Barbera studio. The author then goes on to describe the development of the studio, the animation productions that brought the studio to the public eye and notable productions over the course of time. The paper's writer also examines animation techniques used by the studio and innovative use of sound, lighting and special effects. The paper concludes with an overview of the company's position today.

Outline:
Brief History of Both Hanna & Barbera and How Each Evolved as Animators
How They Met or Joined Forces
What Profession Were They in Before Becoming Animators?
How They Started the Company of Hanna Barbera
What Made Hanna Barbera a Success?
What Cartoons They Created
Process of Animation They Used
Special Effects, Techniques, Lighting, & Sound Effects That Were Used
The Position of the Company Today
References

From the Paper
"When MGM closed its animation unit, Hanna and Barbera founded Hanna-Barbera Cartoons Inc., their own production company. The company was known for its magical formula of producing low cost cartoons that focused more on humor, story and characters than on action. The company gained success with the production of 'The Flintstones'. In the year 1980, the company started operating globally by distributing the work through its international network. The Hanna Barbera Company was staffed with the members of MGM animation unit. In order to keep Hanna Barbera productions a secret to the MGM officials, the show 'I Love Lucy' was anonymously promoted. Hanna Barbera made $40000-$60000 for Tom and Jerry shots as compared to $2700 given by Screen Gems for a cartoon having duration of 5 minutes. This forced them to think about earning more profit by reviving the whole cartoon concept. They shifted the focus from visual action, which was followed at MGM, to dialogue and story. They made cartoons which were cheaper by limiting the amount of drawings. However it was not a fruitful solution to remain competitive in the industry. Then the introduction of voices to the cartoons was intended to gain the interest of the audience. In 1957, Daws Butler and Don Messick gave voice to the characters of Ruff and Ready. This enabled the company to produce shows in less time, thereby increasing the sales and enriching the development of the shows. Later the company was sold to Great American Broadcasting in 1987 when there was a slow growth witnessed, and later Turner Broadcasting purchased it in 1991. Turner Broadcasting later merged with Time-Warner Inc. In 1992, Turner started 24-hour cartoon network with Hanna Barbera cartoon series. (History of Hanna Barbera Cartoons Inc)"

Tags:animators film sound movie cartoons turner mgm studio, the flintstones, time-warner television

Abstract
This paper begins with a look at the history of animation, focusing special attention on the history of computer animation. The paper explains the advances in technology that have helped improve computer animation techniques and then takes a look at some of the ethical questions that have developed regarding the use of computer animation. The paper then discusses one of the primary concerns, the fear that this type of animation will replace real actors, and explains why actors really have no reason to feel threatened by computer animation.

From the Paper
"Visual representation of ideas, history, and stories has been an important part of human culture since prehistoric times, when cave paintings and other primitive drawings were used to record and relive events. As human culture developed, so did the visual arts, and primitive cave paintings gave way to more complex drawings, paintings, and engravings that told stories ranging from epic mythological tales to a simple moment from daily life. While a talented artist has always been able to bring drawings "to life" and have a sense of movement in the work, actual animation has its roots in the 1800s. Devices such as the zoetrope, also known as the "wheel of life", were simple and used a cylinder with slits in the sides to make the drawings inside appear to move when a person peered through the sides as it spun."

Tags:clay, figures, 3-dimensional, entertainment, visual, art, special, effects, animated

Abstract
This paper briefly looks at the evolution of the Western world's views on the treatment of animals and how the lack of a agreement on what an animal precisely is causes difficulties in addressing the issue of animal rights. It goes on to present a debate on the issue of animal rights through three different perspectives: ethical relativism, utilitarianism, and ethical egoism.

Sentient Rights in a Solitary World
The Essential Problem of the Definitions
Framework of the Debate within this Context
Taking A Position -- Modified Personal Responsibility
Ethical Traditions Within The Framework
Summary

From the Paper
"In recent years, the ethical issue of animal rights has seriously entered into the realm of philosophical debate. This in itself shows a change in perspective, for until relatively recently the issue was not even seriously broached by philosophers, save maybe in sport or to highlight the absurdity of a line of reasoning. However, increasingly within modern philosophy, the issue may be broached. While one would think that the demands of such philosophies as egoism and utilitarianism would subjugate the position of animals, it seems historically that the reverse has somewhat been true. The question then becomes, within a humanistic mind-set, what potential exists for a healthy construct of the rights of animals? The answer lies in comprehending the individual focus of these philosophies, and treating this issue not as one of social or legal mandate, but as one of personal cognizance."

Tags:soul, sentient, beings, animal, equality, theories, animal, cruelty

Abstract
This paper briefly discusses the moral and legal issues to do with animal rights in the United States. A short history on the American Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is included in the paper. The author also points out the link between cruelty to animals particularly amongst youths and serial killers. The author singles out Hawaii as the most recent state to adopt stricter criminal penalties for animal cruelty and at the same time, urges other states to progress in their cultural attitude and impose stricter penalties on barbaric torture of animals.

Outline:
Background and History
The Current State of Criminal Legislation and Future Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"Throughout history, man has used animals for food, for their strength to
accomplish mechanical tasks and for the raw materials for everything from winter clothing to tools and weapons. Man, unfortunately, also has a long history of inhumanity to his fellow man, and of cruelty to animals. In much of the rest of the world, cultural attitudes reflect a continuing insensitivity to animals, working them to death, and hunting them to extinction for decorative ivory and superstitious uses of their ground up bones, or harvesting one part such as by hauling them from the water to slice off their fins before tossing them back into the water to sink to the ocean floor and drown."

Tags:animal, cruelty

Abstract
This paper examines how Derrida applies his process of deconstruction to the term "animal." It looks at how Derrida asserts that "animal" and "human" did not always represent two distinct categories; rather, there are humans, mice, monkeys, snakes, etc., and a human is no more different from a mouse than a snake is from an elephant. The paper also discusses how, when Judeo-Christian thought became dominant, the concept of "the animal" came into existence as an absolute other and, with this linguistic separation, came a psychical divide that caused us to lose touch with the dark, mysterious, "animal" which resides deep inside of ourselves.

Outline:
Introduction
Derrida On Lacan: The Animal Cannot Cover Up Its Tracks. But Can The Human?
The Seer
The Great Disavowal

From the Paper
"An animal's relationship to the world is limited by its "disinhibitors" - its inner drives that render it completely passive to its bodily demands. Heidegger calls this state of passivity "captivation." The animal is completely at one with its disinhibitor - it does not have the reflexive ability to step back from its drives and perceive that it is controlled by them. Because it cannot see outside of its "disinhibiting ring," it only perceives the world insofar as it relates to its own instinctual demands. Not being able to escape this state of stupefaction, objects only exist for the animal in relation to its present needs. Unable to step out of its disinhibiting ring, it cannot perceive objects as existing in themselves, as more than a means to serve the ends of its disinhibitors. Passivity with respect to its disinhibitor implies passivity with respect to objects in the world - it must use and perceive them only insofar as its disinhibiting ring requires. "

Tags:deconstruction, linguistics, genealogy, animal-rights, post-structuralism

Abstract
This essay examines many of the issues associated with the consumption of animals for food. It is argued that this practice is flawed from two perspectives: ethically and as an issue of human health. As the writer shows in this article, from the perspective of ethics the only supportable position is to refuse to consume animals for food while, from a health perspective, the clear dangers from animals fats and, in particular, the transmission of toxic pollutants from animals to humans suggests that the consumption of animals for food carries with it considerable health risks for the human species.

From the Paper
"In September 2001 the well-known animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) sponsored a billboard in Vancouver, British Columbia that triggered widespread controversy within the environmental and animal rights movement. The billboard read, simply: "Eat the Whales". Not surprisingly, this advertisement provoked a heated response from many environmentalists and, in particular, from the influential anti-whaling movement. However, PETA was unrepentant and argued that their advertisement made an important point: why do so many people, including environmentalists and anti-whaling activists, make distinctions between species and consider eating domestic pigs, cows or chickens permissible but whales, dolphins or seals abhorrent?"

Tags:food, animals, ethics

Abstract
The paper describes that anime is, in essence, the Japanese form of animation. The writer explains that in general, anime is characterized by extremely stylized and colorful graphics and the use of vivacious and vibrant colors. The graphics used depict energetic and effervescent characters that are set in a large number of scenes and settings. Numerous story lines are used that are aimed at a variety of different types of audiences. The paper discusses that in English, the word 'anime' actually transliterates a Japanese term, and its history of origin can be traced back to the abbreviation of the transliteration of the English word 'animation', into Japanese.

From the Paper
"Why has anime been so very successful? How has it become globalized today? A major part of the reason for the popularity of anime is that it has managed to spread all throughout the world, and everyone knows what it is. As in the general case where something that spreads all over the world quite naturally becomes a global phenomenon, global recognition and fame means that anime has now become a global occurrence and it is well loved by people other than from whose nation it originally was created. One must study the extent of the globalization of anime based on the amount of permeation or penetration into other societies that it has managed to achieve in recent times. This also means that one must look carefully at and analyze the numerous factors involved in why exactly anime became a global phenomenon, and this would in turn mean that one would be able to comprehend how it became so very popular among a large variety of people, all over the world."

Tags:animation, Japan, subtitles, mask