Abstract
The paper discusses how in evaluating the artistic treatment of animals, it is important for those creating them to acknowledge the limits of representing nature by utilizing human-specific devices or technologies as a medium. The paper asserts that artistic portrayals of animals must work to interrogate hierarchical and false notions of animals that are purely human constructs, and find ways to express themselves without using tropes that fall victim to the assumption that certain animals (whether human or otherwise) are somehow intrinsically more valuable than others. The paper points out that trends in popular society such as increased awareness of environmental toxins, animal rights legislation, and poststructuralist theoretical approaches have offered avenues for promoting a more accurate and humane way of viewing animals, however, such recent developments will not alone suffice in generating a shift in popular consciousness regarding nonhuman nature and humanity's place in it. The paper argues that such trends must be reinforced in multiple areas to include the ways animals are represented creatively, and the values implicit in acts of representation.

From the Paper
"In evaluating the artistic treatment of animals, it is important for those creating them to acknowledge the limits of representing nature by utilizing human-specific devices or technologies as a medium. That said, artistic portrayals of animals must work to interrogate hierarchical and false notions of animals that are purely human constructs, and find ways to express themselves without using tropes that fall victim to the assumption that certain animals (whether human or otherwise) are somehow intrinsically more valuable than others. Trends in popular society such as increased awareness of environmental toxins, animal rights legislation,..."

Tags:animals, literary, representation

Abstract
This essay examines many of the issues associated with the consumption of animals for food. It is argued that this practice is flawed from two perspectives: ethically and as an issue of human health. As the writer shows in this article, from the perspective of ethics the only supportable position is to refuse to consume animals for food while, from a health perspective, the clear dangers from animals fats and, in particular, the transmission of toxic pollutants from animals to humans suggests that the consumption of animals for food carries with it considerable health risks for the human species.

From the Paper
"In September 2001 the well-known animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) sponsored a billboard in Vancouver, British Columbia that triggered widespread controversy within the environmental and animal rights movement. The billboard read, simply: "Eat the Whales". Not surprisingly, this advertisement provoked a heated response from many environmentalists and, in particular, from the influential anti-whaling movement. However, PETA was unrepentant and argued that their advertisement made an important point: why do so many people, including environmentalists and anti-whaling activists, make distinctions between species and consider eating domestic pigs, cows or chickens permissible but whales, dolphins or seals abhorrent?"

Tags:food, animals, ethics

Abstract
This paper deals with the way animals think. It also deals with the issue of using animals for university experiments. It examines whether or not animals possess the prerequisite physical ability to sustain thought, from both a scientific and ethical point of view. It details several studies that have been done on the matter and states their conclusions. It concludes that if we consider that animals do have similar physiological organs of thought, and do regularly display behavior similar to human behavior, then there should be no discriminating against them and their ability to think.

From the Paper
37"The question is often repeated, "Do animals think, in the same way that we do?" It is a question which for most part comes loaded with significance and prejudice. If it is true that animals think, like humans do, and feel pain and happiness, and desire, then the logical conclusion is that they must be treated with a certain respect. Much of Western culture depends on the use of animals in a fashion not compatible with the ethical demands of sentence. Unfortunately for the science of animal psychology, most researchers on the subjects have a vested interest in coming to the conclusion that their subjects (which have likely not been treated in a human[e] fashion over the course of the experiments) are not thinking beings. "We were taught as undergraduates not to think of animals as other than stimulus-response bundles," asserts Melanie Stiassney, an ichthyologist at the American Museum of Natural History. "The dogma is you can't credit them with feelings." "(Mukerjee) One must ask, though, how such a pre-decided pool of scientists can treat the question of animal thought fairly" To be fair, one must divorce the answer from its ethical implications, and simply ask: "Why not?" If animals possess physiology parallel to that which gives rise to human thought, if they display behavior consistent with such awareness, then (if one disregards the demands of hubris and the fear of guilt) the scientist must admit at least the definite possibility of animal thought."

Tags:animals, thinking, experiments, psychology, humans, ethical, physiology, behavior

Abstract
This paper explores animals' abilities to sense electricity and magnetism and their ability to use these qualities as part of their sensory machinery. The author examines the type of electrical energy that certain animals release and provides examples.

From the paper:

"Imagine what it would be like if you were able to sense electric and magnetic fields. You would be able predict when a bad lightning storm was coming and orient yourself in the right direction if you were lost in the woods. Although such abilities only exist in fantasy for humans, many animals? posses these abilities in real life. In this paper we will explore the fascinating ability of certain animals to use electricity and magnetism as part of their sensory machinery."

Tags:animals, electric, gauss, magnetic, magnetite

Abstract
This paper makes the case for using animals in medical research. It points out the reasons for using them, and highlights the medical advances and discoveries that have been made that have occurred through the use of animals.

From the Paper
"The issue of animal experimentation in research has been a highly debated one in our society examining whether or not it is necessary for humanity or not. Arguing in its favor is the fact that most medical advances have been made using animal research. Advances in Medicine Due to Animal Research In the late ..'s polio was responsible for the deaths of thousands of people around the world each year and left many others crippled."

Tags:animals, medical research, benefits

Abstract
This paper looks at how Jan Brueghel the Elder's 1613 painting "The Entry of the Animals into Noah's Ark" has a playful attitude toward the fable of Noah's ark and how, by simply looking at this painting, it is easy to imagine this artist as secure in his Christianity and in his talent. It discusses how the painting is not critical of nature at all and how all its lush greenery and gorgeous animals demonstrate Brueghel's love of God's creations.

From the Paper
"There is also the matter of the camels, which seems to be draped with Arabic carpets. One of them has its head turned toward the viewer, as if ask a question. In my opinion, the question is generated by the carpets, indicating that a culture (Arabic) has already been formed and is doomed to be wiped out by the flood. The humorous quality of the camel's gaze suggests that this is historically improbably, because there is no reason to believe that an identical culture would spring up after Noah's family repopulates the Earth."

Tags:animals, greenary, flood

Abstract
This paper analyzes how David Foster Wallace uses language in the short story "Little Expressionless Animals". This paper also analyzes the themes that are presented in the short story and discusses the author's approach to these themes. The paper story focuses on the television show "Jeopardy".

From the Paper
"There is a fine line between images and reality; a thin line between your television set and the actual couch you are sitting on. Yet there are times where lines are crossed, boundaries are ignored. Such is the message that David Foster Wallace is trying to get through, in his short story, "Little Expressionless Animals"."

Tags:animals, david, expressionless, foster, literature, short, story, wallace

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents both the pro and con sides of the animal testing issue and concludes that animal testing must be continued, even though lab animals are innocent, to spare the innocent humans who suffer and die from disease.

From the Paper
"Animal Testing Animals share a common bond with people simply because they are both animals. An animal can feel pain like a human contract illnesses like a human bleed like a human and die like a human. Through these similarities though another relationship exists between animals and humans that of substitution. While new drugs and medical procedures could be tried out on human guinea pigs and sometimes are the practice of using animals in place of humans has become established within the medical research community. There are a number ..."

Tags:animal testing, pro, con, suffering, testing alternatives, argument, laboratory

Abstract
The paper discusses how from the beginning time, human beings have used animals for clothing, such as leather pelts for warmth, and perhaps modesty purposes. However, the paper explains how these were times in history when wearing animal skins and hides was a necessity, not a choice.

From the Paper
"From the beginning time, human beings have used animals for clothing, such as leather pelts for warmth, and perhaps modesty purposes. However, these were times in history when wearing animal skins and hides was a necessity, not a choice."

Tags:animal, rights, ethics

Abstract
The paper explains why the argument to "think about animals as animals", as posited by Erica Fudge, is problematic because the only way humans may understand animals is in human terms. The paper cites the views of famous dog trainer Vicki Hearne, Erica Fudge and Harriet Ritvo. The paper believes that the absence of empirical evidence or a clear mode of expression between animals and humans promotes anthropomorphism as the only desirable way to understand animals.

From the Paper
"Animals occupy a vast cultural and social spectrum ranging from the inferior and superstitious feline of the sixteenth and seventeenth century, to "man's best friend" in twentieth century England, all the way to the Arabian stallions capable of completing mathematical equations. The controversy surrounding anthropomorphism, the attribution of human characteristics to non-humans, derives from the inability to communicate with them. The level of ambiguity originates from human fear and lack of control resulting in domination and manifesting through the depiction of animals in film, literature, ritualistic ceremonies, language and domestic life. The argument to "think about animals as animals" posited by Erica Fudge in "Animal," is problematic because the foundation of human language is a metaphoric representation of reality through a human lens. Similarly, the idea of humans thinking as animals is impossible simply because they are human. It is logical for humans to attribute human characteristics to animals; what would be the alternative?"

Tags:language, behaviors, species, communication