Abstract
This is a research paper dealing with the three Anglo-Dutch wars of the middle 17th century. The paper looks at origins of the conflicts and historical events leading up to the wars. It also analyzes the position from both sides during the conflicts.

From the Paper
"Overshadowed by the massive conflict and change of the civil war were a series of conflicts between England and the United Netherlands. The first three can really be called a continuation of hostilities and were fought between 1652 and 1674, only footnotes in history, where important for a variety of reasons. This document is an attempt to examine those conflicts in a strictly historical text and look at documented evidence as to the impact of said conflicts. At large will be the issues of economy, combat effectiveness, and popular opinion of the wars, while some space will be allotted for discussion of historical context as well."

Tags:17th, century, england, europe, netherlands, seventeenth, united

Abstract
This document discusses the Royal Dutch/Shell Corporation as it relates to its organizational structure. The topic of the paper discusses is the reorganization Royal Dutch/Shell underwent during the mid-1990s when it ended its matrix organizational model in lieu of one based on divisional lines. This new structure was a response to the global economies new demands on corporate strategy that found companies being forced to respond to competitive market forces around the globe where previously these pressured did not exist.

From the Paper
"Royal Dutch/Shell (Royal) benefited greatly from its matrix organizational structure in that the matrix structure aligned neatly with its core business strategies. As the case points out, the petroleum industry is characterized by long-term business decisions being made on a daily basis for which the outcome of those decisions may not be fully known or understood for many years. Thus, the oversight of the dual executive management ensured that such long-term decisions would never be taken lightly and that they would, in all cases be weighed within the context of the local and regional environment as well as the strategic health of the company as a whole. Yet, one of the major negatives of such a structure is that decision-making becomes a lengthy process and the company in question cannot respond to market forces in an agile manner."

Tags:royal, dutch, shell

Abstract
This paper discusses the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is one of the most important primary source documents for Medieval European history. The writer describes the conglomerate form of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and its content, and explains how it sheds significant light on the development of England, told from the perspective of the people that could loosely be called the first English nationals.

From the Paper
"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is one of the most important primary source documents for Medieval European history still largely intact. While, in fact, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is actually a series of chronicles loosely associated with one another, the collected work is generally studied as a whole. Though it is perhaps not as well known outside of academic circles as some other medieval documents, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a crucial component of our full historical understanding of medieval Europe."

Tags:anglo, saxon, chronicle

Abstract
This paper looks at the evidence available which explains the war tactics and strategy of the Anglo-Saxons. It shows the Anglo-Saxons to have had a well-trained warrior elite, but nevertheless insufficient to resist being conquered in the end.

From the Paper
"The poem of the Battle of Maldon is our main source for study about the nature of late Anglo-Saxon warfare. This heroic poem, glorifying the Ealdorman who dies for his king and country, displays many important facets of the way the Anglo-Saxon peoples conducted warfare. The main threat was the Nordic marauders that would regularly raid the settlements of the Anglo-Saxons. It was against these raiders that the majority of Anglo-Saxon tactics and strategy were prepared. The buhrs of the Anglo-Saxons were the main defense against these raiders, but once these buhrs fell into disrepair it was mostly the forces of the sheriffs, thanes, and ealdormen left to defend their territories. The forces of the kingdom were composed of levies, an elite core of warriors, and then the auxiliary naval forces."

Tags:ages, anglo, british, medieval, middle, saxon, war, warfare

Abstract
The English and the Dutch fought three wars in the seventeenth century of which the first two were about trade and the third about King Charles II and his attempts to gain power. This essay outlines these wars and the impact they had on the trade, politics and religion of Europe at that time. It also allows us to understand better the motives and drive behind the English king engaging in various treaties, alliances and of course battle. Great detail is paid to historical fact.

From the Paper
"The Dutch naval wars have been viewed as having lesser historical importance than many other events of the same time period, such as the English civil wars and the restoration of Charles II. However, these wars had a great impact on the trade, politics and religion of seventeenth century Europe. Three wars were fought between England and the Dutch Republic, the first two about trade. The third war, on which focus has been aimed, dealt with the monarch of England, Charles II, and his attempts to gain power. The third Dutch naval war failed to enhance Charles II's power because the war went badly and caused the treaty of Dover to backfire."

Tags:Charles, Dutch, England, history, naval, navy, war

Abstract
The paper describes the culture, religion and literature of the Anglo-Saxons.

From the Paper
"In the third century and for two centuries thereafter, waves of nomadic Germanic tribes engaged in serious conflict with Rome throughout the empire. In the third century, the Goths crossed the Danube and overran the Eastern provinces, forcing Rome to send troops to the East and then allowing the Germanic tribes of Franks and Alemanni to break through. (Edgar Hackett Jewsbury Molonoy Gordon) In what would become Great Britain, the Romans found themselves forced to withdraw in ...AD, leading a flood of..."

Tags:Anglo-Saxons, culture

Abstract
This paper discusses, analyzes and compares two poems from the Anglo-Saxon era. The poems include "The Wife's Lament" and "Wulf and Eadwacer". Each piece of literature is representative of society and culture more than five thousand years ago. Both poems are written from a narrative perspective of a woman mourning the absence of her husband. The poems also depict how woman were owned, controlled and repressed."

From the Paper
"Around the third century, three Germanic tribes -- the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes -- migrated from other areas of Europe to England as part of a general movement of Germanic peoples who conquered much of Europe, including Rome itself (Gordon 111). During that time, the Celts (or Britons) inhabited England, and they continued to be the dominant people in Scotland and Ireland for several years to come (Harris 205). After the invasion of England, the Anglo-Saxons became the dominant people in the country. They brought along their Anglo-Saxon language (i.e., Old English) and a strong literary tradition that included oral poetry, which was spoken or sung. The Anglo-Saxon Era began in 450 A.D. and ended around 1066 AD (Harris 204)."

Tags:anglo, saxon, poetry, narrative

Abstract
This essay examines how Anglo-American relations improved following the War of Independance, only to deteriorate again during the Napoleonic Wars. It contrasts British attempts to gain complete control of the sea to combat Napoleon, with U.S. attempts to break this control in order to increase her own foreign trade.

From the Paper
"Following the end of the War of Independence, relations between Britain and the United States slowly improved. Many felt that because of the shared language, religion and culture the two countries should work together, especially economically. This was especially true in Britain, where the ideas of Adam Smith were beginning to take hold, and free trade with America became an attractive idea. In the United States, Republicans still disliked the British, but the Federalists did not want to continue any rivalries and shared the British views on trade between the nations."

Tags:american, anglo, britain, chesapeake, france, french, jefferson, louisiana, monroe, napoleon, trade

Abstract
In order to account for the rise of Afrikaner nationalism between 1910 and 1948, this paper considers a number of social, political and economic factors. More specifically, it analyses the significance of historical factors such as the legacy of the Anglo-Boer War. It also considers the significance of the Great Depression and the urbanisation of poor whites as well as the roles of Jan Smuts, James Hertzog and Daniel Malan and the issue of 'Petty White Politics'. It also assesses the significance of social factors such as the Centenary Celebrations of the Great Trek and the role of the Dutch Reformed Church.

From the Paper
"A further influencing factor behind the development of Afrikaner Nationalism between 1910 and 1948 was the economic problems facing the Afrikaner community. Many historians contend that the economic plight of the poor rural Afrikaners brought the group together. In 1932 the Carnegie Commission produced a report on white poverty and classified betweens 200,000 and 300,000 whites as very poor - the vast majority of whom were Afrikaners. This figure equated to approximately one fifth of the Afrikaner population being classed as very poor. During the 1930s a large proportion of the Afrikaner population was moving away from the countryside to large industrial towns and cities in search of jobs. However, historians maintain that for many, rural poverty was merely replaced with urban poverty; during the 1930s nearly 40% of Afrikaners were employed in menial jobs such as manual labourers or railway workers. However, T.R.H. Davenport, 'South Africa, A Modern History' claims that the government attempted to reduce white poverty through the introduction of measures such as The Mines and Works Amendment (or 'Colour Bar') Act of 1926 which removed many jobs from Africans and reserved them for whites; R.H. Davies, 'Capital, State and White Labour in South Africa, 1910 - 1960' estimates that between 1924 and 1932 the Hertzog Government transferred over 8,000 jobs from black to white hands. Despite attempts by the government to eradicate white poverty, historians maintain that many Afrikaners still resented the relative prosperity of the British and English-speaking industrialists and mine-owners."

Tags:Broederbond, Dutch, Reformed, Church, smuts, boer, war

Abstract
This paper describes the beginnings of the Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream company, its mission statement, the takeover of the company by Unilever, the "caring capitalism" approach to business that Ben & Jerry's founders promoted and which was continued under the ownership of Unilever, and the reasons for the company's continued success.

Outline
Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc.
History of Unilever
Unilever's Purchase of Ben & Jerry's
Ben & Jerry's Social Responsibilities Post-Unilever
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Jerry Greenfield and Ben Cohen, friends who happened to be hippies, decided to go into business. They did not decide on producing ice cream right away; however, all their ideas for business ventures did revolve around food (Lager, 1994). Once Jerry and Ben decided on ice cream, they were on the hunt for the ideal location and ended up in Vermont. The first Ben & Jerry's Homemade Ice Cream and Crepe shop opened May 5, 1978 (Lager, 1994; and Theroux, 1993). Surprising both Jerry and Ben, the business did so well that by the ninth day they had to close early due to lack of salable ice cream (Lager, 1994). Nevertheless, the business continued to grow even though Jerry and Ben were not astute businesspersons."

Tags:anglo-dutch, corporation, purchased, greenfield, cohen, vermont, fred, lager, chico