Abstract This is a research paper dealing with the three Anglo-Dutch wars of the middle 17th century. The paper looks at origins of the conflicts and historical events leading up to the wars. It also analyzes the position from both sides during the conflicts.
From the Paper "Overshadowed by the massive conflict and change of the civil war were a series of conflicts between England and the United Netherlands. The first three can really be called a continuation of hostilities and were fought between 1652 and 1674, only footnotes in history, where important for a variety of reasons. This document is an attempt to examine those conflicts in a strictly historical text and look at documented evidence as to the impact of said conflicts. At large will be the issues of economy, combat effectiveness, and popular opinion of the wars, while some space will be allotted for discussion of historical context as well."
Tags: 17th, century, england, europe, netherlands, seventeenth, united
Abstract This paper explores the creation of the Dutch and Portugese maritime empires, attempting to understand the primary impetus. The author maintains that in both the Dutch and Portuguese cases, means-not motivation-was the major factor in determining the creation and form of the countries' respective empires.
The Portuguese Maritime Empire in Monsoon Asia (1498-1825)
The Dutch Maritime Empire (1400-1800)
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the first stages of imperial expansion, means is more important than motivation. Some empires, such as the Dutch (though not the Portuguese), have a pre-imperialist phase of expansion in which this is particularly true. In this earliest stag, the country is simply trying to preserve the status quo, as the Dutch were trying to preserve their access to spices at the end of the 16th century. Without planning to, they lay the groundwork for imperialism-in the Dutch case, by consolidating trade under the VOC and forming alliances with Asian leaders not already allied with the Portuguese. Only when the necessary means for empire materialize does the country opportunistically and imperialistically expand."
Abstract This document discusses the Royal Dutch/Shell Corporation as it relates to its organizational structure. The topic of the paper discusses is the reorganization Royal Dutch/Shell underwent during the mid-1990s when it ended its matrix organizational model in lieu of one based on divisional lines. This new structure was a response to the global economies new demands on corporate strategy that found companies being forced to respond to competitive market forces around the globe where previously these pressured did not exist.
From the Paper "Royal Dutch/Shell (Royal) benefited greatly from its matrix organizational structure in that the matrix structure aligned neatly with its core business strategies. As the case points out, the petroleum industry is characterized by long-term business decisions being made on a daily basis for which the outcome of those decisions may not be fully known or understood for many years. Thus, the oversight of the dual executive management ensured that such long-term decisions would never be taken lightly and that they would, in all cases be weighed within the context of the local and regional environment as well as the strategic health of the company as a whole. Yet, one of the major negatives of such a structure is that decision-making becomes a lengthy process and the company in question cannot respond to market forces in an agile manner."
Abstract This paper looks at the evidence available which explains the war tactics and strategy of the Anglo-Saxons. It shows the Anglo-Saxons to have had a well-trained warrior elite, but nevertheless insufficient to resist being conquered in the end.
From the Paper "The poem of the Battle of Maldon is our main source for study about the nature of late Anglo-Saxon warfare. This heroic poem, glorifying the Ealdorman who dies for his king and country, displays many important facets of the way the Anglo-Saxon peoples conducted warfare. The main threat was the Nordic marauders that would regularly raid the settlements of the Anglo-Saxons. It was against these raiders that the majority of Anglo-Saxon tactics and strategy were prepared. The buhrs of the Anglo-Saxons were the main defense against these raiders, but once these buhrs fell into disrepair it was mostly the forces of the sheriffs, thanes, and ealdormen left to defend their territories. The forces of the kingdom were composed of levies, an elite core of warriors, and then the auxiliary naval forces."
Tags: ages, anglo, british, medieval, middle, saxon, war, warfare
An in-depth look at the history of the Dutch Naval Wars, with England and the involvement of Charles the Second throughout. Particular emphasis is made on the third war.
Abstract The English and the Dutch fought three wars in the seventeenth century of which the first two were about trade and the third about King Charles II and his atempts to gain power. This essay outlines these wars and the impact they had on the trade, politics and religion of Europe at that time. It also allows us to understand better the motives and drive behind the English king engaging in various treaties, alliances and of course battle. Great detail is paid to historical fact.
From the Paper "The Dutch naval wars have been viewed as having lesser historical importance than many other events of the same time period, such as the English civil wars and the restoration of Charles II. However, these wars had a great impact on the trade, politics and religion of seventeenth century Europe. Three wars were fought between England and the Dutch Republic, the first two about trade. The third war, on which focus has been aimed, dealt with the monarch of England, Charles II, and his attempts to gain power. The third Dutch naval war failed to enhance Charles II's power because the war went badly and caused the treaty of Dover to backfire."
Tags: Charles, Dutch, England, history, naval, navy, war
Abstract This essay examines how Anglo-American relations improved following the War of Independance, only to deteriorate again during the Napoleonic Wars. It contrasts British attempts to gain complete control of the sea to combat Napoleon, with U.S. attempts to break this control in order to increase her own foreign trade.
From the Paper "Following the end of the War of Independence, relations between Britain and the United States slowly improved. Many felt that because of the shared language, religion and culture the two countries should work together, especially economically. This was especially true in Britain, where the ideas of Adam Smith were beginning to take hold, and free trade with America became an attractive idea. In the United States, Republicans still disliked the British, but the Federalists did not want to continue any rivalries and shared the British views on trade between the nations."
Abstract This paper discusses, analyzes and compares two poems from the Anglo-Saxon era. The poems include "The Wife's Lament" and "Wulf and Eadwacer". Each piece of literature is representative of society and culture more than five thousand years ago. Both poems are written from a narrative perspective of a woman mourning the absence of her husband. The poems also depict how woman were owned, controlled and repressed."
From the Paper "Around the third century, three Germanic tribes -- the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes -- migrated from other areas of Europe to England as part of a general movement of Germanic peoples who conquered much of Europe, including Rome itself (Gordon 111). During that time, the Celts (or Britons) inhabited England, and they continued to be the dominant people in Scotland and Ireland for several years to come (Harris 205). After the invasion of England, the Anglo-Saxons became the dominant people in the country. They brought along their Anglo-Saxon language (i.e., Old English) and a strong literary tradition that included oral poetry, which was spoken or sung. The Anglo-Saxon Era began in 450 A.D. and ended around 1066 AD (Harris 204)."
Abstract This paper analyzes 17th century Dutch art and reviews the book "The Art of Describing, Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century," written by Svetlana Alpers. The paper discusses Alpers' assertion that Dutch visual culture needs to be examined more closely in order to better understand the Dutch genre in its own terms. It briefly discusses the origins and technique of Dutch art.
From the Paper "Was it the influence of Baconian philosophy or new excitement over technology and exploration...or simply a grounded earthy pragmatism the Dutch environment encouraged? Alpers exhaustively-researched book invites one to ponder not simply on the art but the people who place such emphasis on individuals and things. A closeness and fondness for the overlooked or underappreciated is in these works, an empathy that suddenly seems badly missing in Italian art. Not every facet of Alpers book succeeds; lengthy translations and unexpected foreign phrases complicate an already excessively complex academic text. Still one finds surprising anecdotal humor and a refreshingly allegory-free people in the Dutch - and a feeling that Alpers may be winning the argument for deeper meaning behind the elegant brushwork!"
Abstract In this article, the writer studies the status of Anglo-Saxon women after 1066, by examining the book ''Women in Anglo-Saxon England and the Impact of 1066' by Christine Fell. The writer notes that 1066 was the year that William the Conqueror took control of Saxon England and that Anglo-Saxon England was never to be the same, nor was the life of England's daughters, wives, and mothers. The writer points out that while before different kings held feudal sway over their territories, now the Norman code of conduct, custom, and law ruled the land with absolute authority. The writer discusses that in the book 'Women in Anglo- Saxon England and the Impact of 1066', medieval scholar Catherine Fell suggests that Anglo-Saxon women after the conquest did not simply lose many of the rights, legal, and social respect they had enjoyed as Englishwomen, but simply as women in general.
From the Paper "The first sections of Christine Fell's scholarly work are filled with exact details of life during the era to substantiate her point. She draws from contemporary accounts and existing records to examine the law and custom regarding marriage and women's legal status. For example, Anglo-Saxon marriage contracts between families were considerably more equitable than the types of relationships contracted under Norman feudalism and were celebrated in the Norman literary tradition of chivalric romance. Although marriages were contracted between the relatives of the wife and husband neither the prospective bride nor groom had more influence in the matter because of gender."
Abstract This paper begins by discussing the historical, social, political, and economic context of the Dutch homeland and some reasons why the Dutch came to the United States. It then provides a cultural sketch of the people, their values, beliefs, religion, and traditions. It looks at some of the experiences the Dutch had upon their arrival in America and how their experiences have changed over time. The paper, finally, discusses how the Dutch were viewed by the dominant culture and how they are viewed now.
From the Paper "The Dutch East India Company in the vessel De Have Maen, which was led by their English Captain Hudson, were the first to lay anchor at Sandy Hook, and then they sailed up to what is now the Hudson River. The Captain was trying to find a short route to Asia and the East Indies, after crossing the portion that is now known as Albany, but on realization that this part of the water was no longer as salty as it was expected to be and that it also became narrower, Captain Hudson decided to return back to England. But this did not intimidate the Dutch traders and this did not hold them back to explore the land and exploit the abundant riches available here. Later in 1614 the Netherlands States-General gave permission to 13 Dutch businessmen to set up their business in Fort Nassau that then became the second European settlement in America. (DeLong, 1975)"
Abstract This paper covers some of the influences on the foods and cooking of the Pennsylvania Dutch and discusses some of the region's most popular dishes and specialties. It explains that the Pennsylvania Dutch inhabit rural areas of southeastern Pennsylvania. Their cooking is a unique blend of their lifestyle, history, culture, and local influences. It shows how the Pennsylvania Dutch are not Dutch at all; they are really German immigrants who brought many food traditions with them when they immigrated to America.
From the Paper "While there are Amish and Mennonite settlements in several U.S. states, the heaviest concentration is located in southeastern Pennsylvania, hence the term Pennsylvania Dutch, which includes all people of the area. This area of Pennsylvania is covered with gently rolling hills and rich earth, and it is the perfect place for farmers, which the Pennsylvania Dutch are. Cookbook author Betty Groff wrote of the farms of the area, "Their vegetable and flower gardens are so lush and immaculate that they could be mistaken for a horticultural college's test plots" (Groff 2). This lush farmland led to the development of a rich agricultural heritage, and many of the items grown end up on the family table for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Another expert on the Dutch writes, "In 1799 Thomas Hill described the Pennsylvania Dutch farmers as 'the most early rising, hard working people I ever saw.' Many of them, especially the 'plain people,' are still that. They have never been afraid of hard work or of getting their hands dirty" (Klees 192)."
Abstract This paper investigates why the promotion and sales of anglo-rock and heavy metal are less in France than in the USA. The music industry, the marketing of music and the research methodology are fully explained. The author reports that the research found that the differences were because of cultural factors. In France, lyrics are more important than the music. Therefore, because the French do not necessarily speak English, they are not especially interested in music whose lyrics are not understood. The author stresses the importance of knowing cultural preferences and behavior in international marketing because cross-cultural promotion cannot be standardized. Many color graphs and tables are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introductory Chapter
Background of the Research
Theme
Research Problems
Research Rationale
Research Motivation
Research Question
Aims and Objectives
Hypothesis
The Research Project
Definitions
Scope and Limitations
Outline of the Report
Anglo-Rock/Heavy Metal Industry and Music Marketing Theories
The Industry Environment
The Music Industry
The Entertainment Industry
Sales of Recorded Products
Record Companies
Evolution of the Environment
Independent Companies
Cyclical Theory
The Rock Industry
The Anglo-Rock/Heavy Metal Music Style
Definition
History
French Music Industry
French Rock History
French Music Market
Marketing Theories
Marketing Activity
Marketing Definition
Marketing Goal
Marketing Strategies
Marketing Mix
The Promotion Activity
Music Marketing
Music Marketing Definition
Music Marketing Departments
Music Marketing Goals
Music Product
Music Marketing Strategy
Music Promotion
Music Promotion Definition and Goals
Music Promotion Strategy
Music and Artist Promotion
Promotion Means
Traditional Promotion Means
Radio Promotion
Television Promotion
Live Performance Promotion
Press Promotion
Internet Promotion
Original and New Promotion Means
International Marketing
Culture Theories
Culture Definition
Culture Theory
Impact of National Cultures on Promotion
Music Cultures
French Music Regulations
The Method Chapter
Research Methodology
Methodology to Recolt Quantitative Data
Live Promotion
Radio and TV Promotion
Methodology to Recolt Qualitative Data
Limitations of the Methodology
The Results Chapter
Results from Quantitative Data
Live Promotion
Radio and TV Promotion
Results from Qualitative Data
The Conclusions Chapter
Appendices A-O
From the Paper "Dolfsma (2000) explained that music industry has a structure that is a blending between local and global. Majors are global companies organised at the international level with subsidiaries in more than one country. The typical organisation chart of the majors' subsidiaries worlwide is composed of three main departments (marketing, international and nation). Rock music is usually marketed in each of these three departments that is why it is impossible to quantify and know the proportion of Rock music produced".
Abstract This paper investigates why the promotion and sales of anglo-rock and heavy metal are less in France than in the USA. The music industry, the marketing of music and the research methodology are fully explained. The author reports that the research found that the differences were because of cultural factors. In France, lyrics are more important than the music. Therefore, because the French do not necessarily speak English, they are not specially interested in a music whose lyrics are not understood. The author stresses the importance of knowing cultural preferences and behavior in international marketing because cross-cultural promotion cannot be standardized. Includes many color graphs and tables.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introductory Chapter
Background of the Research
Theme
Research Problems
Research Rationale
Research Motivation
Research Question
Aims and Objectives
Hypothesis
The Research Project
Definitions
Scope and Limitations
Outline of the Report
Anglo-Rock/Heavy Metal Industry and Music Marketing Theories
The Industry Environment
The Music Industry
The Entertainment Industry
Sales of Recorded Products
Record Companies
Evolution of the Environment
Independent Companies
Cyclical Theory
The Rock Industry
The Anglo-Rock/Heavy Metal Music Style
Definition
History
French Music Industry
French Rock History
French Music Market
Marketing Theories
Marketing Activity
Marketing Definition
Marketing Goal
Marketing Strategies
Marketing Mix
The Promotion Activity
Music Marketing
Music Marketing Definition
Music Marketing Departments
Music Marketing Goals
Music Product
Music Marketing Strategy
Music Promotion
Music Promotion Definition and Goals
Music Promotion Strategy
Music and Artist Promotion
Promotion Means
Traditional Promotion Means
Radio Promotion
Television Promotion
Live Performance Promotion
Press Promotion
Internet Promotion
Original and New Promotion Means
International Marketing
Culture Theories
Culture Definition
Culture Theory
Impact of National Cultures on Promotion
Music Cultures
French Music Regulations
The Method Chapter
Research Methodology
Methodology to Recolt Quantitative Data
Live Promotion
Radio and TV Promotion
Methodology to Recolt Qualitative Data
Limitations of the Methodology
The Results Chapter
Results from Quantitative Data
Live Promotion
Radio and TV Promotion
Results from Qualitative Data
The Conclusions Chapter
Appendices A-O
From the Paper "Dolfsma (2000) explained that music industry has a structure that is a blending between local and global. Majors are global companies organised at the international level with subsidiaries in more than one country. The typical organisation chart of the majors' subsidiaries worlwide is composed of three main departments (marketing, international and nation). Rock music is usually marketed in each of these three departments that is why it is impossible to quantify and know the proportion of Rock music produced".
Abstract This essay examines the first contact experience between the Cape (the Dutch and the slaves) and the indigenous Africans (primarily the Khoisan and Khoikhoi). It sees the contact as permeated by conflict and exploitation (on the part of the Dutch).
Abstract This paper concentrates on Dutch policy and diplomacy between 1568 and 1648, military organization and innovation and actual outcomes. It concludes that the Dutch successfully employed the military to secure their independence and rise to commercial dominance.
