Abstract
The paper discusses the normal anatomy and physiology of the heart with specific emphasis on the aortic valve and the anatomy and physiology and pathophysiology of aortic stenosis. A detailed description is given of the structure of the heart. The paper also addresses the anesthetic management of patients with aortic stenosis. This paper includes a figure.

Outline:
Introduction
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis
Anesthetic Management in Patients with Aortic Stenosis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Valve damage such as 'aortic stenosis' is problematic and relates to the 'opening' and 'closing' of the valve and when the valve fails to open all the way, less blood is moved through to the next heart chamber and when the valve fails to close tightly blood may potentially leak backwards. This results in the heart having to work much harder to pump the same amount of blood to the body. When there is a problem with the valves opening this is referred to as 'stenosis' of the valve and occurs because the valve has become hard or stiff due to calcium deposits or even scarring resulting in the valve being difficult to open. Ultimately the blood is forced to flow through an opening that it much smaller than it should be and less blood manages to pass through the valve into the next chamber of the heart."

Tags:anesthesia, heart, disease, valves, ventricles

Abstract
This paper discusses the basic pharmacology of anesthetic agents. Commonly-used anesthetics are examined briefly in the paper. The paper focuses on the use of volatile anesthetics that enter the circulation via the lungs. The paper contends that, although the general mechanism of action is similar among all anesthetics, one may be indicated for a particular case, but not another. Considerations for use should include subject medical history and presentation, length and depth of desired sedation, and potential side effects.

From the Paper
"A variety of anesthetic techniques are available in clinical practice today for different surgical situations. A trained anesthetist decides the most appropriate method for each case and has the necessary skills to use the technique of choice. Volatile anesthetic agents are commonly used and have an important safety feature in that agents that enter the circulation via the lungs may leave by the same route. Thus, the concentration of anesthetic at the brain can be rapidly reduced as long as the patient is breathing adequately. General anesthetics are used to produce unconsciousness during surgery. Unlike local anesthetics that are used in dentistry and minor surgery, general anesthetics circulate throughout the body, which results in a stronger action on the nervous system and a greater potential for side effects."

Tags:general, local, volatile

Abstract
This paper deals largely with the social implications of the medical industry's marketing of Twilight Sleep (an obstetric anesthetic) to a specific demographic of women. The period of history in the paper spans from 1914-1930. The paper discusses the case of a mother who died shortly after delivering her fifth child while on the drug. The paper has no works cited page but contains MLA style footnotes.

From the Paper
"Amid the hazy hours of a warm August night in 1915, Brooklyn's Francis X. Carmody of 1,114 Ocean Avenue passed away in her Long Island College Hospital bed after giving birth to her fifth child. In an article published the following week after her demise, The New York Times wrote that her death resulted from "an unexpected hemorrhage during labor." What attracted the press to Carmody's story was not the way she died, or even the suddenness to her death, but rather the circumstances surrounding it."

Tags:american history, consumer culture, women's studies, drugs pharmaceuticals morphine

Abstract
This paper explains that some surgeons have suggested that cardio pulmonary bypass surgery in and of itself activates an inflammatory response that results in a stress reaction. The author points out that the role of the anesthesiologist in cardiac surgery is, as much as possible, to reduce the stress response that results form cardiac surgery. The paper relates that the stress response can be mitigated by a variety of anesthetic techniques, including use of opioids and epidural anesthesia.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Synopsis
Stages of Anesthesia for Cardiac Patients
Implications for Practice

From the Paper
"The job of an anesthesiologist during a CBS procedure includes minimizing the autoimmune and stress response. Studies have shown that "greater fear or distress prior to surgery" is typically associated with slower and more complex and complicated post-operative recovery (Glaser, et. al, 1998). Stress response in fact delays healings. The body naturally perceives surgery as a "threatening" experience, and thus a variety of stress factors are involved in the surgical process (Glaser, et. al, 1998). Among these stress concerns include worries related to survival and recovery, as well as separation from family (Glaser, et. al, 1998); these factors are especially prevalent among cardiovascular patients, who face at bets long postoperative periods and "delicate" recovery prognosis."

Tags:inflammatory, anesthesiologist, reduction, psychological, opiods

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the roots of modern anesthetics may be traced back to the 19th century, with the successful isolation of cocaine from coca leaves. The writer points out that one type of amino amide that is far less toxic than cocaine is bupivacaine, which was eventually synthesized in 1963. The writer maintains that the long-lasting anesthetic effects provided by bupivacaine have been shown to cause cardiovascular toxicity at relatively low serum levels that are approximately the same as levels that cause toxicity in the central nervous system. The writer then discusses issues related to toxicity caused by the bupivacaine including reactions, prevention and resuscitation techniques. The writer concludes that the research supports possible clinical interventions using lipid infusion in the treatment of cardiac toxicity due to exposure to bupivacaine.

Outline:
The Development and Use of Bupivacaine
Toxic Reactions Associated with Bupivacaine
Case Studies Detailing Toxicity Associated with Bupivacaine
The Prevention of Bupivacaine-induced Toxicity
Bupivacaine and Positive Cardiovascular Effects?
Resuscitation Techniques Following Bupivacaine Intoxication
Lipid Infusion as Resuscitation for Bupivacaine Toxicity

From the Paper
"Overall, bupivacaine is considered to be among anesthetic agents that are more likely to cause states of cardiotoxicity. In animal studies, bupivacaine was demonstrated to be four to sixteen times more likely to cause cadiovacular toxicity than lidocaine. However, bupivacaine will continue to remain as a primary local anesthetic agent used by clinicians, which indicates a need for knowledge and awareness as to how to most effectively treat toxicity when it arises."
"Clinicians must adhere to proper dosages of anesthetics and correct sites of administration in order to reduce chances of the occurrence of toxicity. More recently, research has yielded the development of anesthetic agents that have reduced toxicity in comparison to bupivacaine."

Tags:lipid, infusion, anesthetics, reactions

Abstract
Around the globe, animals are utilized to test products ranging from shampoo to new cancer drugs. Each and every short of medication applied is first tested on the animals. Animals were also applied to develop anesthetics to alleviate human ailments and suffering during surgery. The paper shows that, currently, questions have been raised about the ethics of this usage. Several regulations have been devised and legislated to evaluate and control the application animals in all fields of studies, with the objective of ensuring that such research is carried out in a humanely and ethical manner. The paper show that acceptance of such experimentation is subject to heavy debate.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Arguments for Testing
Arguments against Testing
My Stance (Author's Point of View)
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Government and humanitarian agencies have financed researches into the substitutive strategies since the 1960s. (Animal Experiments) Revlon Cosmetics was considered premier in this line to finance research studies for substitutions with a grant of $750,000 to the Rockefeller University in 1979. Several agencies like the John Hopkins Center for the Alternatives to Animal testing - CAAT, the International Foundation for Ethical Research, the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, and the Soap and Detergent Association followed the trend and initiated their own projects in justifying the alternatives. (Animal Testing Alternatives) During the last 15 years, Germany has granted about ?4.2 million per annum in research grants, while the annual expenditure of Netherlands in this regard is ?1.4 million."

Tags:substitutes, vaccine, cosmetics, lab, disease

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the alpha1 andrenegic receptor, phenylephrine, and its limited effectiveness. First the paper describes phenylephrine as a receptor that functions as an agonist in specific reactive functions within the body, such as a decongestant, promoting increased blood pressure, the dilation of pupils and in balance with the effects of anesthetics on the circulatory system. Then, it describes the molecular structure of phenylephrine and other substances it is related to. Next, it tells how phenylephrine is absorbed and used by the body. Finally, the paper discusses health concerns regarding the use of phenylephrine and how it should be a behind the counter medication.

From the Paper
"To the point, our research indicates that "Alpha1-adrenergic receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Upon activation, a heterotrimeric G protein, Gq, activates phospholipase C (PLC). The PLC cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) which in turn causes an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)." (Wikipedia, 1) The outcome of this process is an interaction with the circulation of calcium in the bloodstream, resulting in an increase or decrease in the presence of calcium which will in turn invoke the intended treatment response. Particularly, phenylepherine works as a glycoprotein which "shrinks blood vessels in the nasal passages. Dilated blood vessels can cause nasal congestion" (CMI, 1) This function makes it an increasingly prominent way of addressing congestive conditions in the nasal passage, Eustachian tubes or other clogged respiratory channels."

Tags:diacylglycerol, P-Glycoprotein, andrenegic receptor, placebo

Abstract
This paper explains that advanced practice nurse are registered nurses including nurse practitioners, nurse-midwifes, nurse anesthetists and clinical nurse specialists, who hold authorization from a board to practice, based on the completion of a recognized advanced educational program. The author points out that core competency of advanced practice nurses include the application and adaptation of advanced skills in unstable and complex environments, the ability to apply advanced clinical reasoning including the use of advanced complete assessment, the acceptance of referrals and consultation from other health care professionals and team work with other health care providers. The paper relates that an advanced practice nurse is supposed to diagnose a patient and recognize the underlying problem and then provide adequate treatment, which includes the prescription of medicines as well as administering anesthetics.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Definition
Core Competencies
Scope of Practice

From the Paper
"Further, their nature of practice further includes research work and the utilization of research within the scope of their practice. They are allowed to admit patients to hospitals and the authority to refer patients to other healthcare professionals like licensed physicians and dentists. Additionally an advanced practice nurse also gives consulting services to other healthcare providers. They have professional autonomy and independent practice which also includes management. Moreover they are to manage the physical and mental illness status of the patient with regard to nursing care."

Tags:settings, management, cultural, prescription, mental

Abstract
The paper describes plantar fasciitis, an inflammation of the fascia on the bottom of the feet, and its signs, symptoms and treatments. The paper focuses on the plantar fasciotomy endoscopic procedure which is done under a local anesthetic and discusses its risks, aftercare and recovery. The paper also provides some statistics on heel pain and this form of treatment.

Outline:
Abstract
Signs and Symptoms
Treatments
Risks
Prognosis
Statistics
Summary

From the Paper
"Fascia is thin connective tissue that covers or separates muscles and internal organs of the body. It varies in its thickness, density, elasticity, and composition, and is very different from ligaments and tendons. The fascia can be injured either through a constant strain or through a trauma. Fasciitis happens when the fascia becomes inflamed. The most common situation for which a Fasciotomy is performed is plantar fasciitis, which is an inflammation of the fascia on the bottom of the feet that is sometimes called a heel spur or stone bruises (Fasciotomy, 2007).
"Plantar fasciitis is often caused by long periods on one's feet, being overweight, or wearing shoes that do not offer proper support of the foot. Teachers, mail carriers, runners, and others who make extensive use of their feet are more likely to suffer from this condition. People that are more likely to need a Fasciotomy include the following: athletes who have sustained one or more serious contact injuries, people who spend very long periods of time on their feet, people with who have been severely burned, people who are overweight and people who are victims of a snakebite. Studies have shown that males have a slightly higher risk of having to undergo a Fasciotomy (Fasciotomy, 2007)."

Tags:anesthetic, heel, foot, fascia

Abstract
This paper explains that one growing nurse specialty is that specialty, which surrounds the use of anesthesia care, before during and after surgical procedures requiring anesthetization. The paper states that the American Society of Perianesthesia Nurses (ASPAN), affects the medical and medical consumer society through education and information. The author relates that the structure of ASPAN is relatively complex and consists of paid and unpaid members/employees.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Why Organization Exists
Community Interaction
Effect on Society
Organization's Effect on Social Change
Body
Type
Structure
Power and Outcomes
Leadership
Decision Making
Communications
Change
Environments and Relationship
Conclusion
Effectiveness
Theory

From the Paper
"Though in general the profession of nursing and especially the focus on specialized nursing professions has increased its validity through a lengthy professional proving ground over the past century, there are still environmental challenges to the field. One challenge that is paramount at this time is the overall shortage of qualified nurses to fulfill staffing shortages all over the country. Some fears arise through the shortages about burnout, ethical dilemmas associated to poor patient care in understaffed conditions, all of which affect the general legal environment of the industry as it attempts to make ends meet safely."

Tags:care, surgery, education, information, members