Abstract This paper discusses Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, dietary recommendations, and a nursing plan for patients with IDA. It also looks at how iron is absorbed by cells of the small intestine and how it is transported through the body to erythropoietic cells.
From the Paper "There are several different classifications of anemia depending on the underlying pathophysiology. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia encountered both in underdeveloped and in developed countries and is due to a decrease in the number of red cells because of a lack of sufficient iron. Iron is an essential component in the production of hemoglobin the oxygen-carrying pigment in erythrocytes and is normally obtained in the diet."
Tags: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), causes, diagnosis, treatment, nursing plan
Abstract The paper explains the etiology of aplastic anemia that many say is caused by exposure to various environmental conditions. The paper provides a description of aplastic anemia including typical signs, symptoms, age and gender with which it most commonly presents. The paper looks at the procedures used to diagnose aplastic anemia and examines the treatments available and the prognosis of this disease.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Main Pathogenesis and Discussion of Etiology of Aplastic Anemia Description of the Primary Pathophysiology of the Affected or Major Body Systems
Description of Aplastic Anemia including Typical Signs, Symptoms, Age and Gender with which It Most Commonly Presents
Description of Common Diagnostic and Medical Work Up Tests and Procedures Used to Diagnose Aplastic Anemia Description of the Most Common and Alternative Treatments for Aplastic Anemia and Its Prevention
Description of the Prognosis of Aplastic Anemia Depending on the Extent and Severity
From the Paper "According to Goozner (2004), "The bone marrow of aplastic anemia patients does not work properly" (18). Likewise, the Mayo Clinic authorities advise, "In aplastic anemia, the bone marrow is described in medical terms as aplastic or hypoplastic -- meaning that it's empty, or contains very few blood cells" (Causes 4). This point is also made by Price who reports that aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder that is characterized by malformed bone marrow cells that result in either abnormal blood counts or in blood cells that function poorly. The condition primarily afflicts older adults, with more than 80 percent of people affected are older than 60, although the number of cases in younger people has been rising in recent years (Price)."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses sickle cell anemia. According to the paper, sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized primarily by chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain. Sickle cell anemia is in essence a condition in which there is insufficient healthy blood cells to convey oxygen to the body.
Outline:
Definition and Description
Inheritance and Genetics
Incidence
Symptoms
Brief Historical Overview
Prognosis and Treatment
From the Paper "In order for sickle cell anemia to manifest itself the presence of two defective genes ( SS) are needed. In other words, if two parents are the carriers of one sickle hemoglobin gene (S) as well as a single normal cell ( A) then each chills born for these parents will have a "...25% chance of inheriting two defective genes and having sickle cell anemia; a 25% chance of inheriting two normal genes and not having the disease; and a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like the parents." (New Hope for People with Sickle Cell Anemia)"
"Individuals who have only one copy of the mutation are said to have sickle cell trait. These people are usually healthy but can transmit the disease to their children. This aspect is clarified by the fact that, "Sickle Cell trait (AS) is an inherited condition in which both hemoglobin A and S are produced in the red blood cells, always more A than S. Sickle cell trait is not a type of sickle cell disease. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy." (What is Sickle Cell Disease?)"
Abstract This paper explains that, although iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) has declined in children since the 1970s, due largely to an increased consumption of iron by children during infancy, iron deficiency anemia still is one of the most commonly recognized forms of nutritional deficiency among children, particularly in the 6-month to 24-month age group, in affluent and developing countries. The author points out that the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in children less than two years of age is contingent on adequate dietary intake and supplementation, either in the form of drops or fortified formulas and food. The paper states that early detection and prevention is the most important preventive technique. Adequate screening mechanisms must be used, however, because supplementation does not always correct deficiencies after they arise. Tables.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Introduction: Prevention of IDA in 6 to 24 Month Old Infants
Preliminary Background
Supplementation and More
Cooking with Iron
Adequate Screening as a Prevention Method
Early Detection
Summary of Traditional Prevention Mechanisms
Educational Strategies and Newer Trends
Conclusions
From the Paper "Improved growth and weight gain are also attributed to infants receiving iron supplementation for a period of at minimum 3-6 months. All of these trials do promote the notion that adequate dietary intake from the outset, and oral supplementation of iron in at risk populations, including incidences where the potential for malnourishment is high, will effectively prevent complications associated with iron deficiency anemia in emergencies."
Abstract This paper discusses the disorder, iron deficiency anemia. It contends that a patient that shows symptoms of iron deficiency anemia often is tested through a variety of blood tests to determine the level of anemia, as well being subjected to a medical exam and history to determine mitigating factors. It examines conventional therapy of the disorder, daily administration of oral iron supplements, or in some case intravenous delivery of iron. The paper also explores avenues of unconventional therapy, that has proven to be more successful in the case of some parameters.
From the Paper "Iron is one of the minerals the body needs to be healthy. Without iron, hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body, cannot function properly. Iron is also critical to proper muscle and organ function. "About three-fourths of the body's iron is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while the rest is either bound to other proteins (transferrin in blood or ferritin in bone marrow) or stored in other body tissues" ("Iron (Fe)", 2003). New red blood cells are made using the iron stored in the bone marrow."
Abstract Sickle cell anemia is a devastatingly painful and fatal disease that strikes those of African-American heritage at a disproportionate rate. After a brief discussion on the generalities of the disease, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, this paper examines the biochemical and genetic influences of the disease and offers suggestions for further research efforts. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level; however, advances in genetics are even more remarkable. This paper highlights one of the most recent and promising genetic fixes for those afflicted and at risk for sickle cell anemia.
From the Paper "According to the National Human Genome Research Institute ("Learning About," 2005) sickle cell disease "is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States." The disease strikes 1:12 African Americans who are parented by two disease carriers who pass on a mutated hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11 ("Learning About," 2005). Until recently, sickle cell disease was thought to be a death sentence with most victims not living beyond 20 years of age and the rest generally not living past the age of 50 (Taher & Kazzi, 2005). With new treatments, such as hydroxyurea, victims of the sickle cell genetic mutation are not living past 50 ("Learning About," 2005). After a brief disease profile that includes a discussion of disease pathology, biochemical and genetic influences, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level;"
Abstract This paper details the symptoms, treatment, and possible effects of pernicious anemia if left untreated. The author of the paper, who suffers from pernicious anemia herself, explains exactly what the disease is and how her monthly visits to the doctor's office for vitamin B12 injections have kept her from a life of misery.
From the Paper "Many people hate to go to the doctor's office?especially when they know that they will be receiving an injection. However, I, along with millions of people the world over, consider ourselves very lucky to do just that, each and every month of our lives. You see, for people like me with a disorder known as ?pernicious anemia,? the doctor and her needle are the important link between a healthy life and a life of absolute misery. This is because, unlike classic anemia, the common form of the blood disorder that usually results in little more than fatigue, pernicious anemia can result in catastrophic changes in the body, chief among them severe neurological impairment that, in its severe form, can result in absolute madness. For those of us who suffer from this disease caused by an inherited deficiency, or caused from some disruption or disorder in the stomach and gastro-intestinal tract, the Vitamin B12 injection is a lifesaver."
Abstract This paper is a case study of a 37-year old African-American male with a diagnosed case of sickle-cell anemia who presents himself to the emergency department with changes in sensorium of two days duration. It examines his symptoms, follows his admission procedure and discusses the virulence factors of sickle-cell anemia.
From the Paper "Upon admission, he was stretcher-borne and noted to be unconscious and unresponsive to verbal commands but localized painful stimuli. Vital signs were: HR 104, RR 25, BP 126/78, T 102oF. Physical examination was significant for nuchal rigidity, Brudzinski's and Kernig's sign. A limited neurological examination revealed no papilledema, bilateral hyperreflexia and dorsifexion of the big toe; no localizing signs were noted. A peripheral line was immediately established and a ceftriaxone loading dose was given followed by vancomycin. A non-contrast cranial CT scan revealed a resolving paranasal sinusitis; no mass lesions or midline shifts were noted. "
Abstract This paper discusses the inherited blood disorder of sickle cell anemia. The paper presents the statistics of the prevalence of this disorder in the United States and outlines the populations that are most affected by the disease. The paper examines the genotypic and phenotypic expressions of the sickle cell trait. The paper explores the belief that sickle hemoglobin evolved as a protection against malaria.
From the Paper "Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin is defective (Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia). After hemoglobin molecules give up their oxygen, some cluster together and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff and assume a sickle shape that makes it difficult for them to squeeze through small blood vessels. As a result, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive organs and tissues of oxygen-carrying blood. Sickle cell anemia affects millions world wide (Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia). It is the most common among people whose ancestors come from sub-Saharan Africa; Spanish-speaking regions (South America, Cuba, Central America); Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy."
Abstract The paper discusses the molecular genetics of sickle cell anemia and how this disorder alters the red cell's function of homeostasis. The paper relates that the sickle cell gene is spread widely throughout Africa, the Middle East and India and countries in which there are large numbers of African immigrants, including the United States. The paper includes a map (as an appendix) that shows the regions of the world in which the sickle cell gene is most commonly found.
From the Paper "There are a number of hereditary anemias, which feature disorders of the structure or synthesis of hemoglobin, deficiencies of enzymes which provide energy to red blood cells or protect the red blood cells from damage, or abnormalities in the proteins found in the cell membranes of red blood cells. Inherited diseases of hemoglobin are the most important, and these are termed hemoglobinopathies; it is into this category that sickle cell anemia falls. Sickle cell anemia has a genetic basis, and was the first genetic disease to be characterized at the molecular level (Ingram, 2004"
Tags: hemoglobin, homeostasis, red, blood, cells, mutation, DNA
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the genetic condition of sickle cell anemia, a life-long condition that causes defective red blood cells, which form sickle cell shapes upon becoming deoxygenated, rather than maintaining the usual disc shape. The writer explains that the deformity in shape prevents the red cells from moving easily through the blood vessels as normal cells would. The sickle-shaped cells tend to form clumps in the blood vessels and prevent the healthy cells from getting through. The writer discusses symptoms and diagnosis of the disorder as well as a possible therapy that mainly focuses on relieving the symptoms associated with the condition.
From the Paper "The main problems which will put the patient at risk in sickle cell disease are the sickle cell crises. These are an issue not only to the severe pain which they cause but also due to the damage which the blockage of blood vessels can cause when they occur in or around an organ. Pulmonary complications are a particular problem for sufferers of sickle cell disease, which are caused in this manner. Bacterial infections are also a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell sufferers as the function of the spleen is usually either compromised or entirely absent. Splenic sequestration is one of the most serious complications of sickle cell disease, in which the spleen swells and causes a significant drop in hemoglobin levels."
Abstract This paper describes the symptoms of three different patients that have possible blood disorders. The paper first describes the case of a four year old girl who is tired and pale on a regular basis and likely suffers from anemia. Next, the paper looks at a 5-year-old African-American male whose mother wants him screened for a "trait" she carries. The paper assumes this refers to sickle cell anemia which is more common in African-Americans. Finally, the paper describes a male patient who notices more bruising than usual and explains that this is probably a platelet disorder known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, also referred to as the Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome.
From the Paper "Amy is a four year old girl who seems to be tired and pale on a regular basis. Her mother describes her as a picky eater, and the majority of her diet consists of pasta, bread, hot dogs, and artificial fruit drinks high in sugar. From the description of her symptoms and the way she eats, my first guess would be that Amy is suffering from a type of iron deficiency anemia. The body requires iron in order to produce red blood cells that carry oxygen from our lungs to every cell in our bodies. From the description of Amy's diet, it seems as though she is not eating enough foods with iron which could be the cause of her tiredness and pale complexion. General symptoms of anemia include pallor or deficiency of color, fatigue, dizziness, headaches, decreased exercise tolerance, rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath (Mulvihill, 2006)."
Abstract This paper explains that domestic water supplies across the world vary enormously in quality. The author points out that aluminum has long been linked with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, bone diseases, and anemia, and nitrates are known to have gastric effects, neurological implications, and other effects on human health. The paper relates that lead is well-documented to play a role in intellectual retardation, impacts abdominal pain, and has other health effects.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Aluminum
Nitrate
Lead
From the Paper "Interestingly, aluminum in drinking water may be introduced into the water supply by water treatment processes themselves. Aluminum sulphate is added as a coagulant that removes suspended matter during the water treatment process in many facilities. The aluminum nitrate is then removed through filtration and clarification, but trace amounts may remain. In the European community, the maximum acceptable concentration of aluminum in drinking water in the UK is 0.2 mg/l, based on the incidence of problems with dirty water, rather than health implications."
Abstract An in-depth look at the history of the vampire giving examples of famous past figures claiming to be vampires. It looks at the symbols in the vampire culture and what they mean - blood, church, religion. The paper then tries to examine medical excuses for vampires - anemia, catalepsy etc.
From the Paper "Vampires have been around since the beginning of time. People have used them to explain things they thought were unexplainable. ?Vampires are mythical creatures who overcome death by sucking the blood from living humans (Vampires).? [See addendum A] In our modern society, when people see a picture of a vampire they are supposedly overcome with feelings of longing, whether consciously or unconsciously. Vampires, in our eyes, are elegant, debonair, gorgeous, sexual, and desirable. What vampires want mimics what people want: all of their hidden desires and secrets. They are outlets for a society where the line between good and evil is bold, where everything is black or white. Aspects found in vampires are the same aspects that are found in us. Vampires rise not in the morning but at night when the world turns out its lights and darkness descends on the people. Some people yearn for the carefree life that is the vampire. A vampire is law unto himself. And most importantly, what people believe to be evil becomes their vampire. But to people who lived long ago, vampires were minions of the Devil, evil incarnate, monsters capable of turning others from the path of righteousness and God to the Devil and darkness. The key aspect of the vampire is death. They can be killed and yet still are thought of as immortal. People will never truly understand all there is about the vampire world. The understanding of the historical vampire, the evidence that disproved them and the real vampires of the modern world are all part of the vampire phenomenon."
Abstract The paper discusses the issue of cloning as science and technology continue to progress into the 21st century. It examines the controversial arguments surrounding the issue and the possible outcomes of cloning.
From the Paper "When the first test-tube baby, Louise Brown, was thrown into the media spotlight over two decades ago, the controversy over genetic engineering began to gain momentum. Since then, a myriad of techniques have been developed that involve everything from in vitro fertilization to the cloning of sheep. The capability of transferring cell nuclei, which was at the core of the recent sheep cloning, makes feasible virtually any combination of biological, social and genetic parenting (Yount, 2000)."
