Abstract
This paper discusses Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, dietary recommendations, and a nursing plan for patients with IDA. It also looks at how iron is absorbed by cells of the small intestine and how it is transported through the body to erythropoietic cells.

From the Paper
"There are several different classifications of anemia depending on the underlying pathophysiology. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common type of anemia encountered both in underdeveloped and in developed countries and is due to a decrease in the number of red cells because of a lack of sufficient iron. Iron is an essential component in the production of hemoglobin the oxygen-carrying pigment in erythrocytes and is normally obtained in the diet."

Tags:Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), causes, diagnosis, treatment, nursing plan

Abstract
An overview of sickle cell anemia that includes a look at its effects on the enviornment.

From the Paper
"The following presents the topic of Sickle-cell anemia. The topic is described along with an explanation of why this is an interesting and important area of chemistry. The potential impact on the environment, agriculture, economics, public health or society in general is provided. Next, conclusions and recommendations are made.
"Sickle cell disease is a common, monogenetic disorder found worldwide that affects ... million people. (Inati Koussa Taher Perrine) Sickle cell anemia is an interesting and important area of chemistry, because as noted by Inati et,..."

Tags:sickle, cell, anemia

Abstract
The paper explains the etiology of aplastic anemia that many say is caused by exposure to various environmental conditions. The paper provides a description of aplastic anemia including typical signs, symptoms, age and gender with which it most commonly presents. The paper looks at the procedures used to diagnose aplastic anemia and examines the treatments available and the prognosis of this disease.

Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Main Pathogenesis and Discussion of Etiology of Aplastic Anemia
Description of the Primary Pathophysiology of the Affected or Major Body Systems
Description of Aplastic Anemia including Typical Signs, Symptoms, Age and Gender with which It Most Commonly Presents
Description of Common Diagnostic and Medical Work Up Tests and Procedures Used to Diagnose Aplastic Anemia
Description of the Most Common and Alternative Treatments for Aplastic Anemia and Its Prevention
Description of the Prognosis of Aplastic Anemia Depending on the Extent and Severity

From the Paper
"According to Goozner (2004), "The bone marrow of aplastic anemia patients does not work properly" (18). Likewise, the Mayo Clinic authorities advise, "In aplastic anemia, the bone marrow is described in medical terms as aplastic or hypoplastic -- meaning that it's empty, or contains very few blood cells" (Causes 4). This point is also made by Price who reports that aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder that is characterized by malformed bone marrow cells that result in either abnormal blood counts or in blood cells that function poorly. The condition primarily afflicts older adults, with more than 80 percent of people affected are older than 60, although the number of cases in younger people has been rising in recent years (Price)."

Tags:bone, marrow, cells, transfusions, transplant, chemicals

Abstract
In this article, the writer first explains that sickle cell anemia is one of many forms of anemia inherited genetically that causes an abnormality in the hemoglobin. The writer then discusses symptoms, the issue of diagnosis and problems that may be caused by this congenital disorder. The writer offers a patient teaching plan regarding the education and the method of presentation regarding sickle cell anemia. The writer stresses that sickle cell anemia is now treatable and a cure is even likely within the next few decades. The writer concludes with some talking points and notes that many cases are not severe and require little treatment at all.

Outline:
Patient Teaching Plan
Talking Points
References

From the Paper
"To begin with, it should be stressed that sickle cell anemia is now treatable and a cure is even likely within the next few decades (ASCAA, 2007). An explanation of the basics of the disorder would then be appropriate--the change in shape of the red blood cells, the brittle structure of these malformed sickles, and the fact that they can form clots and breakdown prematurely. The treatment methods can then be explained--many cases are not sever, and require little treatment at all; there are currently pharmaceutical options for treatment as well as treatments for all complications caused by the disorder (NIH, 2009). Only after the disorder has been fully explained should the issue of genetic inheritance be brought up, and then it should be stressed that both parents donated the recessive trait, to avoid issues of blame."

Tags:blood, HBB, gene, hemoglobin, complications, cure

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses sickle cell anemia. According to the paper, sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized primarily by chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain. Sickle cell anemia is in essence a condition in which there is insufficient healthy blood cells to convey oxygen to the body.

Outline:
Definition and Description
Inheritance and Genetics
Incidence
Symptoms
Brief Historical Overview
Prognosis and Treatment

From the Paper
"In order for sickle cell anemia to manifest itself the presence of two defective genes ( SS) are needed. In other words, if two parents are the carriers of one sickle hemoglobin gene (S) as well as a single normal cell ( A) then each chills born for these parents will have a "...25% chance of inheriting two defective genes and having sickle cell anemia; a 25% chance of inheriting two normal genes and not having the disease; and a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like the parents." (New Hope for People with Sickle Cell Anemia)"
"Individuals who have only one copy of the mutation are said to have sickle cell trait. These people are usually healthy but can transmit the disease to their children. This aspect is clarified by the fact that, "Sickle Cell trait (AS) is an inherited condition in which both hemoglobin A and S are produced in the red blood cells, always more A than S. Sickle cell trait is not a type of sickle cell disease. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy." (What is Sickle Cell Disease?)"

Tags:intracellular, hydration, analgesics, Hydroxyurea, mutation, hemoglobin

Abstract
Sickle cell anemia is a devastatingly painful and fatal disease that strikes those of African-American heritage at a disproportionate rate. After a brief discussion on the generalities of the disease, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, this paper examines the biochemical and genetic influences of the disease and offers suggestions for further research efforts. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level; however, advances in genetics are even more remarkable. This paper highlights one of the most recent and promising genetic fixes for those afflicted and at risk for sickle cell anemia.

From the Paper
"According to the National Human Genome Research Institute ("Learning About," 2005) sickle cell disease "is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States." The disease strikes 1:12 African Americans who are parented by two disease carriers who pass on a mutated hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11 ("Learning About," 2005). Until recently, sickle cell disease was thought to be a death sentence with most victims not living beyond 20 years of age and the rest generally not living past the age of 50 (Taher & Kazzi, 2005). With new treatments, such as hydroxyurea, victims of the sickle cell genetic mutation are not living past 50 ("Learning About," 2005). After a brief disease profile that includes a discussion of disease pathology, biochemical and genetic influences, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level;"

Tags:sicklecell, biochemistry, genetics

Abstract
This paper discusses the disorder, iron deficiency anemia. It contends that a patient that shows symptoms of iron deficiency anemia often is tested through a variety of blood tests to determine the level of anemia, as well being subjected to a medical exam and history to determine mitigating factors. It examines conventional therapy of the disorder, daily administration of oral iron supplements, or in some case intravenous delivery of iron. The paper also explores avenues of unconventional therapy, that has proven to be more successful in the case of some parameters.

From the Paper
"Iron is one of the minerals the body needs to be healthy. Without iron, hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body, cannot function properly. Iron is also critical to proper muscle and organ function. "About three-fourths of the body's iron is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while the rest is either bound to other proteins (transferrin in blood or ferritin in bone marrow) or stored in other body tissues" ("Iron (Fe)", 2003). New red blood cells are made using the iron stored in the bone marrow."

Tags:blood, hemoglobin, ferritin

Abstract
This paper explains that, although iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) has declined in children since the 1970s, due largely to an increased consumption of iron by children during infancy, iron deficiency anemia still is one of the most commonly recognized forms of nutritional deficiency among children, particularly in the 6-month to 24-month age group, in affluent and developing countries. The author points out that the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in children less than two years of age is contingent on adequate dietary intake and supplementation, either in the form of drops or fortified formulas and food. The paper states that early detection and prevention is the most important preventive technique. Adequate screening mechanisms must be used, however, because supplementation does not always correct deficiencies after they arise. Tables.

Table of Contents
Literature Review
Introduction: Prevention of IDA in 6 to 24 Month Old Infants
Preliminary Background
Supplementation and More
Cooking with Iron
Adequate Screening as a Prevention Method
Early Detection
Summary of Traditional Prevention Mechanisms
Educational Strategies and Newer Trends
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Improved growth and weight gain are also attributed to infants receiving iron supplementation for a period of at minimum 3-6 months. All of these trials do promote the notion that adequate dietary intake from the outset, and oral supplementation of iron in at risk populations, including incidences where the potential for malnourishment is high, will effectively prevent complications associated with iron deficiency anemia in emergencies."

Tags:supplementation, hemoglobin, education, food, developing

Abstract
This paper is a case study of a 37-year old African-American male with a diagnosed case of sickle-cell anemia who presents himself to the emergency department with changes in sensorium of two days duration. It examines his symptoms, follows his admission procedure and discusses the virulence factors of sickle-cell anemia.

From the Paper
"Upon admission, he was stretcher-borne and noted to be unconscious and unresponsive to verbal commands but localized painful stimuli. Vital signs were: HR 104, RR 25, BP 126/78, T 102oF. Physical examination was significant for nuchal rigidity, Brudzinski's and Kernig's sign. A limited neurological examination revealed no papilledema, bilateral hyperreflexia and dorsifexion of the big toe; no localizing signs were noted. A peripheral line was immediately established and a ceftriaxone loading dose was given followed by vancomycin. A non-contrast cranial CT scan revealed a resolving paranasal sinusitis; no mass lesions or midline shifts were noted. "

Tags:autosplenectomy, spllen, emergency, room

Abstract
This paper details the symptoms, treatment, and possible effects of pernicious anemia if left untreated. The author of the paper, who suffers from pernicious anemia herself, explains exactly what the disease is and how her monthly visits to the doctor's office for vitamin B12 injections have kept her from a life of misery.

From the Paper
"Many people hate to go to the doctor's office?especially when they know that they will be receiving an injection. However, I, along with millions of people the world over, consider ourselves very lucky to do just that, each and every month of our lives. You see, for people like me with a disorder known as "pernicious anemia," the doctor and her needle are the important link between a healthy life and a life of absolute misery. This is because, unlike classic anemia, the common form of the blood disorder that usually results in little more than fatigue, pernicious anemia can result in catastrophic changes in the body, chief among them severe neurological impairment that, in its severe form, can result in absolute madness. For those of us who suffer from this disease caused by an inherited deficiency, or caused from some disruption or disorder in the stomach and gastro-intestinal tract, the Vitamin B12 injection is a lifesaver."

Tags:adequate, oxygen, body, tissues, chemical, stomach, absorbed, red, blood, cells, heredity