Abstract
This paper discusses whether Vergil's 'Aeneid' is a re writing of Homer's 'Iliad'. The writer maintains that while Vergil's epic continues the story begun by Homer centuries earlier, with the refugee from Homer's fallen Troy arriving in Italy to found the city of Rome. The writer shows that in many respects Vergil's narrative is not so much a continuation as a mirroring of Homer's epic. The writer concludes that just as Homer's epic featured two heroes Achilles and Hector in conflict, so too does Vergil's epic feature two similar warriors Aeneas and Turnus in conflict.

From the Paper
"Is Vergil's 'Aeneid' a re-writing of Homer's Iliad? While Vergil's epic continues the story begun by Homer centuries before, with the refugee from Homer's fallen Troy arriving in Italy to found the city of Rome, in many respects Vergil's narrative is not so much a continuation as a mirroring of Homer's epic. Just as the Homer's epic featured two heroes - Achilles and Hector - in conflict, so too does Vergil's epic feature two similar warriors - Aeneas and Turnus - in conflict."

Tags:vergil, homer, epic

Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes Virgil's "Aeneid," asserting that revenge is a significant theme throughout the epic poem, as it is often responsible for many of the outcomes that affect Aeneas and the characters around him. The paper explains that while revenge is displayed by gods as well as mortals, it is mainly seen through the actions of four main characters: Juno, who links to Dido, and Turnus who links to Aeneas himself. The paper concludes that, through the actions of characters such as Juno and Turnus, revenge goes on in a "domino effect," forcing characters such as Dido and Aeneas to undertake their own form of revenge.

From the Paper
"The opening book of the Aeneid immediately features the theme of revenge through the character Juno. Juno holds a grudge against the Trojans for several reasons: firstly, her favourite city Carthage is destined to be destroyed by the Romans in the future (Rome being founded by the Trojans). Another reason is that the Trojan prince Paris was asked to judge who was the most beautiful god out of Venus, Minerva and Juno, where he chose Venus. Lastly, Juno holds a grudge against the Trojans because her husband Jupiter chose the Trojan Ganymede as his cup bearer. Because of these events, Juno's resentment causes her to seek revenge on Aeneas and his men who are currently aboard ships in the ocean, searching for their new homeland which they are to inhabit. She goes to Aeolus, the god of the winds, and asks him to "smite fury into your winds. Sink their ships; make the sea close over them." He does so, causing a great storm upon Aeneas and his men. However, Neptune eventually steps in and stops the storm, as Aeolus had interfered in his domain; the sea."

Tags:juno, turnus, greece, roman, greek, god

Abstract
This paper examines the parallels between Homer's "The Iliad" and Virgil's "The Aeneid.", The paper especially highlights the deaths of Hector and Turnus in battle, the intervention of the gods on behalf of the protagonists, and the conflict between the public and private realms.

From the Paper
"There are a number of parallels between Homer's "The Iliad" and Virgil's "The Aeneid", among them similarities between the heroes Achilles and Aeneas and the warriors they conquer, Hector and Turnus. Both heroes slay their foes in battle. Aeneas kills Turnus and Achilles kills Hector. Another similarity is that the gods intervene in both battles, taking sides and assisting the warrior they favor. Minerva comes to Achilles' assistance appearing to Hector as Deiphobus and causing him to engage in the..."

Tags:Iliad, Aeneid, Hector, Turnus, battle, Homer, Virgil, gods

Abstract
The relationship of fate and free will is examined through a comparison of major characters in Virgil's "The Aenid" and Homer's "The Iliad", Aeneas and Hector, and their antagonists Turnus and Achilles. It is argued that these heroes make fully human choices, "fate" being best seen as an expression of their circumstances. A contrast is drawn between Roman and Greek values as expressed in the epics.

From the Paper
"The existence and nature of human free will is an enduring question and one for which answers have been sought in both the language of philosophy and that of literature. We perceive ourselves as having the capacity to make choices, but on reflection must often acknowledge that our choices are shaped by our experiences and our values which are not themselves wholly of our own choosing, but thrust upon us by our backgrounds..."

Tags:aeneid, fate, free will, Virgil, Homer, Iliad, Heroes, Roman, Greek, aeneas, turnus, hector, achilles, romans, greeks, free will, fate

Abstract
This paper explains that, in his epic "The Aeneid", Virgil considered fate to be so unyielding that not even the gods themselves could intervene to prevent an event from coming to fruition. The author points out that Juno, queen of the gods and the main antagonist in Virgil's foundational fiction, is not affected by the same fate that rules over humans; nevertheless, she actively attempts to obstruct the Roman hero Aeneas in his journey to fulfill his own destiny, which Juno suspects will be responsible both for the downfall of her favorite city, Carthage, and the death of her most cherished mortal, Turnus. The paper indicates that, while it is recognized that Juno is not solely responsible for destiny's success, her actions are frequently responsible for eliciting other gods' reactions, which are more closely linked to fulfilling fate.

From the Paper
"At this point, Juno recognizes that she can no longer keep Aeneas away from Italy, but decides that she might still have a chance to defeat him by stirring war between the Trojans and the otherwise welcoming Latins. To do this, Juno sends down Allecto to enrage the Latin queen, Amata, and Turnus, her favorite Latin, to oppose a wedding between the Latin Princess Lavinia and Aeneas. Allecto then ignites war as instructed by causing Ascanius, Aeneas' son, to kill a Latin stag. Amata and Turnus cry for war and the neutral Latin king relinquishes his power over the kingdom. Though Juno succeeds in inciting conflict and initially preventing Trojan occupation, her arousal of Latin furies proves to be the first in a series of events which lead to the fall of the Latin empire, clearing the way for fate to establish itself."

Tags:free-will, fate, juno, carthage, war

Abstract
This paper shows how Virgil conveys in his epic, "The Aeneid", that fate was once considered to be so unyielding that not even the gods themselves could intervene to prevent its coming to fruition. Juno, queen of the gods and the main antagonist in Virgil's foundational fiction, is not affected by the same fate that rules over humans. Nevertheless, she actively attempts to obstruct the Roman hero Aeneas in his journey to fulfill his own destiny, which Juno suspects will be responsible both for the downfall of her favorite city, Carthage, and the death of her most cherished mortal, Turnus. This paper shows that although some may argue that Venus is responsible for foiling Juno's intentions, it is ironically Juno herself, in her actions to thwart Aeneas, who brings about the fated events she tries to prevent. This is demonstrated by Dido's death coupled with Carthage's fated demise as well as Aeneas' prophesied founding of Rome.

From the Paper
"As a subsequent result of Juno's attempt to save Turnus, Turnus begins to lose support from his army and is forced to settle the war with Aeneas in a fight to the death. When the fight finally commences, Aeneas soon has Turnus pleading for Aeneas' mercy. Aeneas is initially moved by Turnus' reasoning, but spots the young Pallas' belt on Turnus' arm. This sight reminds Aeneas of Turnus' own brazen ruthlessness and Aeneas executes Turnus, which clears the way for the founding of Rome. Since Juno originally inspires Turnus to fight against the Trojans, and Turnus murders Pallas, she secures Turnus' doom."

Tags:aeolus, anchises, iris, lavinia, trojan, troy

Abstract
A study of two killings of young warriors form the crux of the military drama in the battle between the Trojans and Latins. These killings in Homer's 'The Iliad' and Virgil's 'The Aeneid', despite their similarities, are viewed in entirely different ways from a literary perspective. The Aeneid is in many ways a re-tread of Homer's Iliad, and Turnus' killing of Pallas is reminiscent of Homer's Patroklos being cut down in his prime by Hector. In keeping with this comparison, before his death, Pallas begins the battle of Book Ten by helping Aeneas, leading on the battle, and enabling Aeneas to gain a great advantage in the war. This comparison between the two works of literature is also indirectly reinforced when the Latin soldier Liger refers to the great warriors of the Greeks with disdain when taunting the Trojans.

From the Paper
"At the beginning of Book Ten of the Aeneid, Jupiter washes his hands of interfering in the affairs of men. "What each man does will shape his trial and fortune." (X.160) This could very well provide an epitaph for the entire chapter. In this chapter, two killings of young warriors form the crux of the military drama in the battle between the Trojans and Latins. But these killings despite their similarities are viewed in entirely different ways from a literary perspective. What does this statement mean? According to the point of view of the ancient Romans, all killing was hardly considered bad or brutal. Warfare and military prowess was a way of life. But not all murders were created equal. This can be seen in a comparison of Aeneas' killing of Lausus (X, 703-832; 943-1141) with Turnus' killing of Pallas (X, 501-702)."

Tags:Aeneid, Iliad, Jupiter, military, warriors, men, Romans, murder, crux

Abstract
It will be argued that the three saddest scenes in the poem are Aeneas' tale of the death of Priam, the abandonment and suicide of Did and the defeat and death of Turnus. However, it must be acknowledged that this choice is determined by our modern context. As will be shown, within the cultural and political climate that created this work, these scenes may not have all been regarded as sad.

Abstract
The paper first explains the context in which Virgil's "The Aeneid" is written. The hero of the poem is the Trojan warrior, Aeneas, whose mission is to seek a new city for the Trojan gods. Aeneas eventually establishes the city of Rome and the paper contends that his success is due to the gods interceding on Aeneas's behalf, both with coaxing and by providing physical aid. The paper concludes by affirming that the gods are in control and that Rome is destined to be founded by Aeneas. Aeneas's piety is his strongest characteristic, though he occasionally needs prodding by the gods, and especially by his mother Venus, to continue his mission.

From the Paper
" Publius Vergilius Maro, born in 70 B.C. had a long and close history with the future emperor, Caesar Augustus, and according to legend, Augustus wanted a heroic poem to justify his rule over the Roman Empire, thus, Virgil wrote the "Aeneid," 19 B.C. (Royal pp). The first half is regarded as Virgil's "Odyssey," for it tells of a Trojan warrior named Aeneas, who roams the Mediterranean following the fall of Troy and eventually establishes the city of Rome (Royal pp). The second half is Virgil's "Iliad," for it recounts battles in Italy and connects Roman history with the heroic age of the Trojan War (Royal pp). Aeneas, whose main virtue is piety, braves battle and death to seek a new city for the Trojan gods (Royal pp). Robert Royal notes that part of Virgil's genius is to recognize another ethos, "one that acknowledges something like divine providence in history, especially in the fated nature of Rome" (Royal pp). Virgil writes:
Long labors, both by sea and land, he bore,
And in the doubtful war, before he won
The Latian realm, and built the destin'd town;
His banish'd gods restor'd to rites divine,
And settled sure succession in his line,
From whence the race of Alban fathers come,
And the long glories of majestic Rome. (Virgil pp)."

Tags:juno, roman, empire, iliad, trojan, war, jupiter, calybe, turnus, king, latinus, lavinia, helen