From the Paper
"Mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP), found in the saliva of the house mouse, or Mus musculus, has been found to have an interesting polymorphism. The alpha subunit of ABP has been found to be monomorphic for each of three subspecies of Mus musculus (domesticus, musculus, and castaneous), designating each subspecies with a different allele of ABPa (ABPa a, ABPa b, and ABPa c, respectively). ABP is thought to have evolved separately as Mus musculus radiated from the origin near the Punjab river valley about 500,000 years ago. Structural studies of this protein have shown that ABP is a dimer composed to two subunits, alpha and beta. Variations in the amino acid and DNA sequences of the alpha subunit have been found to exist between subspecies, but hardly any variation exists within the subspecies, reinforcing the idea that ABP is diagnostic of the subspecies. Behavioral studies involving mice and ABP have determined that female mice chose male saliva of their own ABP type significantly more frequently than male saliva of another ABP type. Therefore, ABP possibly acts as a pheromone and may play some role in mate and/or subspecies recognition in Mus musculus. If ABP's function has been determined correctly, then ABP is contributing to the speciation of Mus musculus, despite close contact of subspecies at the hybrid zones, where subspecies come into contact again after divergence from the origin."

Tags:abp, hybrid, mus, musculus, polymorphism, zone, mice

Abstract
The paper explains the study of behavioral genetics and then focuses on the genetic and environmental determinants of children's eating habits and weight. The paper then looks at intellectual development and how genetics as well as family, early childhood education and culture affect the child's IQ. The paper examines twin studies in lifespan development and how they aid in research. The paper also explores how deficits in development can occur naturally from genetic mutations in addition to environmental exposure to synthetic androgens found in medicines, pesticides and a variety of other sources that can have adverse effects on sexual development. The paper clearly highlights the correlations between heredity and environment, nature versus nurture, in the process of human development.

Outline:
Behavioral Genetics
Heredity-Environment Correlations: Eating Habits
Heredity-Environment Correlations: Nature vs. Nurture
Heredity-Environment Correlations: Intellectual Development
The Study of Shared and Non-shared Environments: Nature versus Nurture
Natural Hormone Exposure during Fetal Development
Twin Studies and Research in Lifespan Development
Abnormal Genetic Development from Environmental Exposure to Hormones
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Behavioral genetics is the study of how the environment and heredity contribute to the behaviors of an individual. Its main focus is heredity and its effect on an individual person. The behavioral genetic theory is that traits are carried down through genetics and are responsible for behaviors (Boyd & Bee, 2009). Behavior geneticists have done research to suggest that heredity affects a wide range of behaviors, and traits like intelligence, outgoingness or shyness, passiveness or aggressiveness are behavioral traits thought to be passed down through genetics. Not only are these traits evident in infancy and childhood but they also surface throughout the lifespan of an individual."

Tags:eating, habits, weight, genetic, mutations, intellect, androgens, nature, nurture

Abstract
In this article the writer discusses prostate cancer. The writer also examines some of the biochemical research that is being carried out to try and determine the causes of this type of cancer. The paper looks at the oxidative stress on cells and the effects of androgen. The writer discusses NSAID-associated gene protein and some of the multi-drug resistance associated proteins.

From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is a disease of aging brought about by changes in cellular biochemistry which result in an imbalance in the pro oxidant-antioxidant balance and in the cellular response to androgen which this brings about. Many advanced cases of prostate cancer become resistant to chemotherapy making the prognosis for those men dismal. It has been shown ... "

Tags:prostate cancer, androgens, prooxidant-antioxidant balance, multidrug resistance associated protein, NSAID- associated gene protein

Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the different types of alopecia and then discusses in detail the possible pathophysiology and the treatment options for the disease. The paper shows how much is yet to be uncovered as to the exact cause and subsequently, the cure, for this psychologically distressing disorder.

Outline:
Introduction
Alopecia (Different Types)
Hair Follicles (Complex Morphognesis)
Androgenic Alopecia
Molecular Pathology of AGA
Immunology of Alopecia Areata
Microcirculation in Scalp Tissues
Treatment for Alopecia
Cosmetic Surgery
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Alopecia areata is a systemic hair loss disorder, which affects roughly around 4.7 million people in the United States alone. [NAAF]. It is characterized as an autoimmune disease that leads to either localized or complete hair loss. The disease is independent of race, gender or age specifications, and hence affected people represent a diverse group. The effects of the disease may either be permanent or reversible depending on the nature and extent of damage to the hair follicles. It is believed that both genetic as well as environmental factors have an influence in the onset of the condition. However, the pathology of the disease is yet to be ascertained concretely. Though there is no physical distress accompanying the disease the psychological devastation suffered by the affected person is debilitating."

Tags:hair, follicles, morphogenesis, scalp, baldness, immumotherapy, surgery

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of steroids in professional sports. According to the paper, as sports get more competitive, more athletes are turning to steroid drugs to assist them in gaining and/or maintaining the edge. The paper reports that the most common type of steroid is anabolic or anabolic-androgenic which is created from the male hormone testosterone.

From the Paper
"Women experience a "masculinization" due to the male hormones taken into the body (ESPN). Women also experience baldness problems along with breast reduction, deepened voice, and the growth of facial hair (NIDA).
Both sexes can experience a variety of other problems such as acne, weight gain, liver damage, increased change of heart problems, increased cholesterol and tendon damage (ESPN). Adolescence may experience even more difficult problems. Particularly, steroids can stop growth early which means that the growth spurt that comes in the late teens may be eliminated resulting in a shorter adult (NIDA). Additional physical problems may result from the way the drugs are taken. Since many are injected into the body, hepatitis and HIV can be passed through needles (ESPN)."

Tags:ESPN, performance, hormone, physical, consequences, chronic

Abstract
The paper addresses the issue of child molestation in America and relates that to date, there is no cure for pedophilia. The paper discusses how chemical castration has reduced the sex drive and aggressive tendencies of pedophiles by significantly lowering levels of testosterone, and as a result, their desire and ability to assault children is greatly diminished. To confirm this assertion, the paper suggests a study that could be conducted in a clinical setting in which voluntary participants, who are admitted or convicted pedophiles, are administered an anti-androgen that reduces the level of testosterone.

From the Paper
"Child molestation is a serious problem in America. To date, there is no cure for pedophilia. As such, the recidivism rates are extremely high. Chemical castration has reduced the sex drive and aggressive tendencies of..."

Tags:crime, prevention, pedophilia

Abstract
This paper explains that androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS), synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone, can exert strong effects on the human body, which may be beneficial for athletic performance; however, they also have many serious negative effects on the user's health. The author used a multiple choice questionnaire for participants in intramural sports teams questioning the athletes' knowledge and use of steroids and interviewed coaches regarding their knowledge of the prevalence of the use of AAS drugs in their particular population of student athletes. The paper concludes that (1) the level of knowledge of the coaches in this school was relatively low, (2) 36% of the students at this high school reported using AAS either currently or in the past and (3) a significant proportion of the athletes who took these drugs were unable to state correctly the side effects or the expectations for these drugs.

Table of Contents
The Problem
Problem Background
Literature Review
Historical Perspective
Performance Enhancing Drugs - the Real Problem
Problems Associated with AAS Use
Physiological Changes Associated with AAS Use
Purpose of the Study and Research Questions
Limitations
Definitions
Importance of the Study
Methodology
Research Design
Selection of Participants
Instrumentation
Ethical Issues
Dissemination
Restatement of the Purpose
Research Question One
Research Question Two
Research Question Three
Sub Question A
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Implications for Practice/Research
Student Questionnaire
Informed Consent Form
Budget
Educational Course Outline

From the Paper
"There are some sections of the sport world who believe that the risk of significant side effect from the use of anabolic steroids has been grossly overstated. It is probably more correct to state that studies in this area are really few and far between, and when studies have been carried out the data retrieval is difficult and there is very little in the way of side effect reporting. It therefore makes it difficult to predict the level of harm which may be related to the use of anabolic steroids, but some can be theorized and therefore monitored for. In females who use the drugs, the masculinizing effects can be damaging to features and fertility. It is also important to understand that many of these drugs are not adequately regulated, and as a result many athletes end up using counterfeit products, which carry no safety data or warning labels."

Tags:testosterone, performance, questionnaire, intramural, knowledge

Abstract
Alopecia areata is a systemic hair loss disorder, which affects roughly around 4.7 million people in the United States alone. The paper explains that it is characterized as an autoimmune disease that leads to either localized or complete hair loss. The effects of the disease may either be permanent or reversible depending on the nature and extent of damage to the hair follicles. It is believed that both genetic as well as environmental factors have an influence in the onset of the condition. This paper provides a brief overview of the different types of alopecia and discusses in detail the possible pathophysiology and the treatment options for the disease.

Introduction
Alopecia (Different Types)
Hair Follicles (Complex Morphognesis)
Androgenic Alopecia
Molecular Pathology of AGA
Immunology of Alopecia Areata
Microcirculation in Scalp Tissues
Treatment for Alopecia (Cortisones and Anti Inflammatory and Immunotherapy Drugs)
Cosmetic Surgery
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Alopecia is a disease triggered by the immune response of the body, which attacks and alters the normal development cycle of the hair follicles. Normally each hair follicle is in any one of the following three stages of life cycle namely anagen (growth phase), catagen (regression phase) and telogen (resting phase). Alopecia areata refers to the significant hair loss observed due to the immune response against the hair follicles in the anagen stage, resulting in severe reduction or complete stoppage of the hair growth phase. When the hair loss is observed throughout the body it is called as alopecia universalis. When complete hair loss is confined to the head, the condition is referred to as Alopecia totalis while hair loss that is localized and observed as patchy bald regions is known as Alopecia areata. [Ralph Paus]"

Tags:baldness, pathology

Abstract
This paper describes alopecia areata, a systematic hair loss disorder, as a disease that is independent of race, gender or age, hence affected people represent a wide and diverse group. The writer details the effects of the disease which can be either permanent or reversible depending on the nature and extent of damage to the hair follicles. It is believed that both genetic and environmental factors have an influence in the onset of the condition. While there is no complete cure as of yet for alopecia, treatment is primarily aimed at slowing down and containing the severity of the symptoms. This paper also discusses the psychological devastation suffered by the affected person which at times can be debilitating. This paper contains a brief yet concise overview of the various types of alopecia as well as the possible treatment options available.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Alopecia (Different Types)
Hair Follicles (Complex Morphognesis)
Androgenic Alopecia
Molecular Pathology of AGA
Immunology of Alopecia Areata
Microcirculation in Scalp Tissues
Cosmetic Surgery
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Research into the pathophysiology of AGA though still inconclusive, has offered enough insight and has identified the important role of androgens in the progressive miniaturization of the hair follicles leading to baldness. Testosterone and its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in particular have been directly related as causative factors. The presence of the enzyme 5[Alpha]-reductase is essential for the catalytic reduction of testosterone into the more potent form of DHT. Chromosome 2p has the gene necessary for encoding 5[Alpha]-reductase. Extensive studies conducted on people suffering from AGA have revealed an excess of 5[Alpha]-reductase, and consequently greater amounts of DHT. DHT affects the hair follicles by binding with the dermal papilla cells creating androgen receptor complexes. Androgen receptors act as transcription factors and are directly involved in the synthesis of the protein substances that affect the hair follicles."

Tags:medical, condition, treatment, hair, follicle, genetic, environment

Abstract
This research paper explores questions such as what are steroids, the types of steroids, who uses steroids, the effect it has on people's body and minds, risks involved in taking steroids, and signs that people are using them. It also narrates examples of professional athletes in professional football, and baseball who have used steroids and how the drug has affected them.

Table of Contents:
Section I. Introduction
Section II. Review of Literature
Controversies of the Sports World
Tough Choices: A Book about Substance Abuse
Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in Adolescence: Winning, Looking Good or Being Bad
Athletes and Steroids: Playing a Deadly Game
Anabolic Steroid Abuse
Admissions Before BALCO Grand Jury Detailed
Romanowski: I Broke RB's Finger, Took Steroids, Damaged Brain
The Demonization of Anabolic Steroids I: What Makes These Hormones So Evil
Section III. Summary and Conclusion
What are Steroids
Types of Steroids
Who Uses Steroids
Reasons for Steroid Abuse
Performance Enhancement in Sports
Increasing Muscle Size
Problem Behavior
How Are Anabolic Steroids Used?

From the Paper
"Putnam discusses the dangers of using steroids but also presents the alternative view of some people who argue that performance-enhancing drugs should be permitted in sports. Supporters of steroid use in sports, although small in number, argue that athletes are fully entitled to seek competitive advantages over their opponents and use of steroid is akin to using better equipment, better coaches, or better training programs. They also contend that the harmful side effects of steroids have been exaggerated. The author sees a subtle trend of leniency towards drug use by sport authorities and believes that drug use in sports would continue as long as medical science makes such performance enhancing drugs available (pp. 124-126)."

Tags:athletic, runner, basketball, overdose, performance, enhancement