Abstract This paper offers two essays, one supporting the need for governmentregulation, the other denying it and supporting deregulation. The first notes that governmentregulation is necessary to assure safety, to prevent disease, to protect the rights of the individual, and to assure a level playing field in business. While one might argue that certain specific regulations are over-reaching or unnecessary, one must support the idea of regulation itself.
From the Paper "Government regulation is necessary to assure safety, to prevent disease, to protect the rights of the individual, and to assure a level playing field in business. While one might argue that certain specific regulations are over-reaching or unnecessary, one must support the idea of regulation itself, which after all was only undertaken once it was clear that the marketplace would not be effective in certain areas, such as enforcing safety rules, protecting consumers from fraud and misrepresentation, and reducing predatory practices on the part of business. Regulation typically refers to governmental efforts to control individual price, output, or product quality decisions of private firms in an effort to prevent purely private decision-making that would take inadequate account of the public interest. The first modern regulatory agency was established by Congress in 1887--the Interstate Commerce Commission--to control railroad rates. By the 1960s, government regulation was commonplace in the transportation..."
Abstract This well-researched paper discusses the importance of domestic and international e-commerce in today's economy and the need for stricter governmental regulations in order for global commerce to fulfill its potential. In both the domestic and the international fields, most of those engaged in e-commerce favor a minimal approach to governmentregulation but concede that additional regulation is necessary for the efficient conduct of business across international boundaries.
Topics covered in this report include:
Customs and Taxation
Electronic Payment Systems
Legal Environment
Intellectual Property Protection
Privacy
Security
Telecommunications Infrastructure and Information Technology
Bibliography
From the Paper "There are now methods of payment for goods and services over the Internet that link existing electronic banking and payment systems with new retail interfaces via the Internet. Private sector investment and competition is spurring innovations in this area. Despite the obvious need to ensure the safety of electronic payment systems, no policy is being developed at this time, and it is hoped that the market driven interests that are on the cutting edge of this technology will regulate itself."
Abstract In this article, the writer maintains that the primary reason for governmentregulation is to correct perceived or actual market failures. The writer notes that increasingly, people are saying that governmentregulation does not appear to be working. However, the writer points out that governmentregulations are really failing because trying to alter market dynamics does not work. True, the dynamics of the market created the market failure, but the dynamics of the market will eventually resolve it as well if only given the chance. The writer concludes that market dynamics, by their very nature, are more efficient because all factors possible are considered and because the consumer is the better regulator as the laws of supply and demand eventually take hold.
From the Paper "One form of market failure, a negative externality, arises when the actions one party result in a benefit or cost accruing to some external party that did not consent to the impact. Examples of negative externalities might be a manufacturer that irresponsibly releases pollution or consumes scarce natural resources. Market failure results because the manufacturer bears no costs for its actions; instead, costs are imposed on downstream parties that did not cause them. Advocates of government regulation believe that it can correct this type of market failure by imposing taxes or using tradable permits to force firms to internalize some of these social costs. According to Field and Field, taxes will force businesses to adjust emission rates so that the equimarginal rule is satisfied and to innovate so that cheaper ways of reducing emissions may be discovered. Tradable permits allow the government control over desired emission levels by giving a company the right to pollute at a certain level that is transferable to another company as a reward for keep emission levels low."
Abstract This paper discusses applications and development of decision making skills, application of microeconomic theory, cost estimation, market structure analysis and business policies, and governmentregulation of markets.
From the Paper "Every day managers make many decisions that affect the survival prospects of their firm. These include deciding how much of a particular product to produce, what price to charge for that product, hiring additional workers how much effort should be invested in developing new products or improving the production process and what amount should be bid in an auction. An understanding of economic concepts can improve such decision making within a ..."
Tags: Business, microecomics, managerial economics, internal rate of return, risk, reward, profit, discounted cash flow, decision theory. decision making skills, market structure analysis and business policies, and governmentregulation of markets.
Abstract This paper explains that governmentregulation of commerce in the United States traces back to the first draft of the Constitution, which gives the federal government power to regulate interstate commerce. The author points out that the power of regulations of businesses allows the federal government to act on behalf of the public and provide protections for individuals who cannot manage on their own without collective support. The paper stresses that, far from being evil and ineffective, appropriate governmentregulations can have many positive effects such as reducing corporate excess and increasing accountability in the business world. The author underscores that, unfortunately, the presence of a regulatory agency or legislation is no guarantee of the successful achievement of that goal. The paper also argues that any regulation leveled at the business community is ultimately borne by the consumers who patronize those businesses and negatively impact innovation in products by raising costs for businesses.
Table of Contents:
Consumers and Businesses Benefit from GovernmentRegulation GovernmentRegulation Harms Businesses
From the Paper "The reality is that the government is, by and large, an obstacle to increased prosperity and economic growth in industrialized nations. The traditional view of regulations is that it is the primary weapon or tool that the government has in its efforts to rein in the excesses of the business community. This attitude posits that business and commerce is somehow opposed to the interests of the public and that the government can act as a kind of "white knight" to protect the public and champion their interests in the face of corporations and businesses intent only on improving their bottom line and increasing profits."
Abstract This paper presents two essays on governmentregulation. The first essay attempts to show how governmentregulations protect consumers and businesses and help maintain a stable economy. The paper discusses the merits of regulations about hazardous waste, vehicle lemon laws and monopoly and anti-trust laws. The second essay maintains that governmentregulations harm the economy by hurting businesses. This view portrays how governmentregulations are so restrictive that they make it impossible for businesses to operate, which negatively affects both consumers and the economy.
From the Paper "Since America was in its infancy, the public has looked to federal and state government agencies to protect it from harm. Whether it was the threat of international terrorism or scams from international gold diggers, society has turned to its government and asked it to regulate such activities to protect American residents. While the public recognizes and appreciates such efforts, it quickly changes its tune when it comes to government regulations with regard to business."
Abstract The paper examines the market structure of the automobile market and the impact on Ford of new companies entering the market. The paper examines Ford's expensive vehicles, the company's productivity, the cost structure of the automobile market and the price elasticity of demand. The paper also looks at Ford's competitors, analyzes the supply and demand and explores the impact of governmentregulations on the demand for cars.
Outline:
Market Structure
Impact of New Companies Entering the Market Prices
Productivity
Cost Structure
Price Elasticity of Demand
Competitors
Supply and Demand Analysis
Impact of GovernmentRegulations
From the Paper "The automobile industry still exists in a state of monopolistic competition. Only a few firms dominate the industry, because of the high barriers of entry to producing automobiles. This is particularly true of the car market for the average consumer, as opposed to the luxury car market, which is more fickle in regards to style. Once upon a time, Ford and GM held the bulk of the American market share because of their inexpensive, high-quality cars. Then, these American behemoths were toppled by Japanese manufacturers like Toyota in the 1980s. "
Abstract This paper examines investment patterns before the New York stock exchange crashed in 1929. It discusses the causes of the crash, why people invested in stocks and the role of the government after the crash.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Cause
The Crash and The Depression
Why People Invested in the Stock Market Government Reaction
GovernmentRegulations After the Crash
Bibliography
From the Paper "Monetary policy became ambiguous between February 1930 and 1932. Government security purchases in the open market continued to decline until 1932. This reduced liquidity by lowering non-borrowed reserves. Although the interest rate was reduced between March 1930 and September 1931, it was raised twice in late 1931. This made loans more expensive and deterred people and corporations from borrowing. (1929...)"
Abstract Maximization of stockholders wealth is a controversial objective, which is often viewed with skepticism by economic analysts and business experts. This paper discusses how it is generally believed that such an objective is rather unrealistic and cannot be achieved keeping the current regulations in view. It questions whether government imposed regulation in various areas, directly affect profitability and business operations. Some studies suggest that these regulations have a negative impact on stockholders wealth while others refute such claims. In this paper, the writer addresses these issue to find out if stockholders wealth is affected by regulations and if so, how.
From the Paper "For maximization of stockholder wealth, a corporation needs to retain control over its operations and the measures adopted for increased profitability. However this is only a fairytale situation, which is close to impossible in a country marred by a long list of regulations. Government imposes various kinds of regulations to protect American public from possible exploitation. However what it may not understand is the fact that not all but some of these regulations negatively affect profitability which in turn hurt stockholders wealth. (Whiteman-Jones, 1994)"
Abstract This paper provides a short historical overview of Finland and then looks at several factors in order to assess the type of people living in the country, the type of economy and what the potential market place is like. The factors assessed include the population, the government and the economy. Different market sectors are also analyzed.
Outline
Introduction
Background and Population
Government Economic Overview
Marketing of U. S. Products and Services
Leading Sectors for U. S. Export and Investment
Franchising
Electronic Components
Aircraft and Parts
Computers and Peripherals
Computer Software
Travel and Tourism
Pollution Control Equipment
Medical Equipment
General Trade Comments on Exporting to Finland
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "The Republic of Finland is poised to enter into one of its greatest economic expansions in their long history. With the diverse lines of possibilities available for export one can implement this exportation on a case by case basis, or put another way one step at a time.
Your firm is well equipped, staffed, and has the expertise to handle even multiple areas if this is the course of action one decides to take. With the wide range of products and services available to your firm the strong recommendation is to move ahead beginning with the franchising phase.
There is much to be gained by moving forward and likewise much to lose with hesitation. One can rest assured some other group will seize the opportunity should unnecessary delay be encountered in the decision making process. Finland offers a totally unique opportunity that for most is a once in a lifetime type opportunity. Moreover, once in Finland expansion into the other Baltic nations becomes much like icing on a cake. A bonus for foresight and forthright action based upon these recommendations."
Abstract This paper will seek to understand the market for housing and how the government controls the regulations, which are so affective in this area. By understanding how these regulations affect the pricing, and the way that housing is set up, we can see why the government intervention makes such a wave in these markets. With specific examples of the way that government works in this area, a better understanding of housing in American can be seen.
Abstract This paper discusses the impact of federal regulation on traditionally state and privately regulated industry, that of global business and financial management. Despite the positive effects of such regulation, questions regarding the actual effectiveness of the broader, federal regulations over the previously established state regulations are examined. The paper places emphasis on the effects that these federal regulations have had on the global markets, and, therefore, on the United States market as a whole.
Outline:
Introduction:Has Private Business Become Complete?
The New Federal Regulation of Corporate Governance The Effect of Federal Regulation Existing State Regulation of Corporations
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Although securities transactions are private contracts, they take place in public markets and have effects extending far beyond the specific parties involved. Moreover, there is a general societal interest in strong capital markets. The strength of the U.S. capital markets, due in part to their relative safety and transparency, has been a fundamental component of this country's economic growth. Indeed, the United States' capital markets are sufficiently attractive that they regularly attract listings from foreign issuers, some of whom appear to view compliance with extensive U.S. regulations as providing their securities with something like a good housekeeping seal. An increasing number of foreign issuers and corporations are choosing to list their stock on United States exchanges, thereby agreeing to comply with the U.S. federal securities laws. This public nature of business law is the central focus of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation."
An examination of the economic effect of government intervention in the health care industry and ways in which policy decisions may affect Americans in the future.
Abstract This paper discusses how the governmentregulates much of the health care industry through agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and how government subsidies (including Medicare) are an integral part of the health care delivery system in the United States. It examines how the government has chosen to outsource the processing of claims generated through Medicare to outside agencies in order to increase service levels and decrease costs to the government. It looks at how direct costs increase as the amount of regulation and reporting requirements increase and how competition decreases as providers move out of the market as their profit margins are eroded by the increased costs associated with supporting governmentregulation.
From the Paper "When President Clinton proposed prescription drug coverage under Medicare in mid-1999, the health care industry moved to combat the proposal, which it considered amounted to price controls on the industry (Stone, 1999, p. 2082). From an economic perspective, the increased lobbying effort will likely lead to an increase in the cost of doing business for drug companies, and consumers are likely to see an increase in prices as a result. Prescription drugs have a relatively inelastic demand schedule (even generic drugs can vary significantly from their ethical counterparts), and some conditions can only be treated effectively with a single product. Lacking widespread substitute goods, suppliers in this industry are able to pass along any increased costs (such as might be associated with lobbying to protect the industry's interests) to consumers."
Abstract In the past few years, citizens, policy makers and government officials have noted that safety legislation enacted in the European Union (EU) has significantly impacted the manner and method in which companies market their products. One of the most dramatically affected products involves the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This paper discusses how safety legislation and specific cases regarding GMOs has affected marketing in the EU.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Legislative History
Council Directive 90/220/EEC: Deliberate Release Directive
Council Regulation 258/97: Novel Foods Regulation Commission Directive 97/35/EC
Council Regulation No. 1139/1998
Legislative Trends and the Relation to Marketing Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Aimed at providing a uniform law for new foods throughout the member states, the Novel Foods Regulation applied to foods which have not been used for human consumption to a significant degrees within the community (Commission Regulation No. 258/97 art. 1(2)). These novel foods include GMO products within the meaning of the Direct Release Directive, foods produced by though not containing GMOs, and foods with a new or intentionally modified primary molecular structure (Commission Regulation No. 258/97 art. 1). Through an approval procedure, this legislation requires the submission of a proposed label for the product, including information as to how the product's characteristics differ from existing foods (Commission Regulation No. 258/97 art. 6(1), 8(1)(a))."
Abstract The paper examines the effectiveness of Canada's aggressive regulatory regime in controlling pollution emissions by the Canadian petroleum industry. The paper places particular emphasis on information asymmetries between government and industry. The paper shows the flaws of governmentregulation and concludes that were the government to instead invest in systematically promoting environmental awareness among the public, it would clearly have a significant impact upon the petroleum industry through market forces.
Outline:
Introduction
The Canadian Petroleum Industry
Information Asymmetries and the Pigouvian Tax
Regulation and its Discontents
Conclusion
From the Paper "The question of the effectiveness of aggressive regulatory intervention in the marketplace is a complex one given how it balances economic theory and legal principles within the context of political realities. The complexity of this is due to the extremely high level of variables that must be incorporated into an analysis in order to fully understand the problem at hand. In this regard, the Canadian regulatory regime of pollution controls on the country's petroleum industry represents an excellent example through which we may understand the complexity of analysis of government practices in this regard."
