Abstract
The paper discusses how the phenomenon of mass social rituals, produced and enjoyed collectively by large segments of a social community, have been a consistent element of human civilization from earliest times. The paper looks at how Donald Kyle, in his "Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome", examines one of the most famous, and notorious, examples of this phenomenon: the inventive public slaughter of humans and animals in the arenas of ancient Rome. This paper critically reviews Kyle's text and his primary arguments, with particular comparative reference to similar practices of ritualized violence in ancient Aztec civilization. This comparative analysis is shown to reinforce Kyle's contention that such mass ritualized violence is of enormous political, social and even religious significance as a culturally unifying practice.

From the Paper
"The phenomenon of mass social rituals, produced and enjoyed collectively by large segments of a social community, have been a consistent element of human civilization from earliest times. Donald Kyle, in his "Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome", examines one of the most famous, and notorious, examples of this phenomenon: the inventive public slaughter of humans and animals in the arenas of ancient Rome. This essay will critically review Kyle's text and his primary arguments, with particular comparative..."

Tags:history, ancient, anthropology

Abstract
This paper looks at how the rule of law served as a basis for the Roman Republic. The research paper is divided into three distinct parts. The first and the introductory part reveals an overview of Ancient Rome and the old city of Rome. The second part gives a detailed account of the Rule of Law in Ancient Rome, addressing the underlying philosophy of the Rule of Law. In addition, this part highlights the consequences of the rule of law and explains the downfall of the Republic. The last section discusses the emergence of modern Rome. All the above-mentioned components are connected to the basic theme of the paper that discusses the philosophy of, causes of and reasons for the Rule of Law in ancient Rome.

From the Paper
"Many civilizations have grown from berserk to better and from reaching the disastrous end to regaining glory and grandeur. However the history has witnessed a good few international cultures that have transformed their weaknesses into strengths, took a stand for a better world where their generations are far more secure. A world that can offer them harmony of soul, peace of mind and a bright future to look ahead to. However after endless feuds and struggles, there are many examples of those civilizations that turned barbaric at the end of the century, recuperating later to be one of the most cultured nations. One such civilization that saw many good and bad phases and covered a sea of tormenting struggles, including taking a stand against despots of their time and fighting for their rights as a nation against the tyrant monarchs is the Roman Empire."

Tags:Republic, overview, philosophy, consequences, downfall, emergence, modern, causes, reasons

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that ancient Rome was ahead of its time in the practice of medicine. The writer points out that much of todays' modern practices of aseptic techniques of medicine came from the early Romans. The ancient Romans wanted to make sure their army was a healthy one and in order to do they used aseptic techniques for preventing disease and even conducted surgeries in which they used different types of pain medicines. The writer discusses that their medicine practice used different rituals, tools, and herbal-based medicines for their patients. The writer concludes that Roman physicians were very concerned with public health and preventing disease. Even though they were not licensed, they still did a great service to the citizens of Rome by helping families as well helping the military in times of war.

From the Paper
"Prior to their contact with these cultures, the head of each Roman household would treat his family with various folk remedies and by asking for help from the appropriate Gods. Hippocrates brought the idea that there were four humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. The Greeks also brought along the idea of neurosurgery to Ancient Rome. Early Roman surgeons would poke holes in the skull to relieve pain and pressure. These early brain surgeons also could reduce depressed cranial fractures. Greek doctors were often prisoners of war and Romans would buy them for their own households. Later, many of these Greeks were able to be freed men and were able to open up their own practices in Rome.
"The doctors of ancient Rome were not always highly regarded and the position was often considered a low social position."

Tags:healthy, rituals, pain, remedies

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of pregnancy and childbirth in ancient Rome. The writer explains that since the birth of a child determined inheritance in Roman families, great care was taken in choosing a midwife who would care for the mother during her pregnancy and childbirth, administer postnatal care and take care of the newborn as well. The writer describes the three stages to a woman's pregnancy, and the many limitations and prescribed rules for each specific stage. The woman was almost helpless while pregnant; because everything was predetermined for her, including whether she would be allowed to keep her child.

From the Paper
"The second stage of pregnancy was called Pica and started at about forty days after conception and lasted about four months. Women would have the general symptoms we have today such as nausea, upset stomach, fever, dizziness, and food cravings. These were signs that a human being has begun to form. In order to ease some of these symptoms, the woman was encouraged to do a one day fast and their stomachs were rubbed with oil. Their diets were also still limited in this stage to light foods, and they were supposed to remove anything unhealthy from their diets. Rose oil, myrtle, or unripe olive oil might also be applied to an upset stomach, as well as, a tightly wrapped woolen girdle."

Tags:obstetrics trimester superstitious fetal, infant mortality, miscarriage conception diet

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the imperial and republican facets of government that had evolved over the militaristic and religious advancement of Rome over conquered territories. The paper explores the limitations of republican government for Rome and its citizens, and shows how the idea of a truly representative body was absent due to the nature of religious power and the way that imperialistic Christian policy would soon dissolve the Senate.

From the Paper
Thank you for purchasing a customized research paper from The Paper Experts Inc. rive to deliver to our customers the most accurate and up-to-date research each and every time we prepare a custom work. Your Writer ID: #255 Order ID: 19383 Topic: History Disclaimer: This document should be used in precisely the same way you would use any article you might find in your local research library. Remember, you must cite it properly just like you would any other source listed in your bibliography. If you have any questions regarding citing

Tags:economics, rome, government

Abstract
The paper advances the thesis that Roman identity originated as a fixed and highly codified concept in a legal sense because of the distinction of citizens and slaves that became problematic with the introduction of religious and civic pluralism during the expansion of the Roman Empire. The paper focuses on the broad, satirical comedies of Plautus and their depiction of slavery and the discussion of religion in the works of the historian Livy. It also includes some contrasting commentary by the earlier historian Polybius and his contemporary Saullst.

From the Paper
"What did it mean to be Roman in the context of ancient Roman society? On its surface, such a question seems obvious. To be Roman means to be a citizen, of course, to be a part of the great, famously "grand" empire that was Imperial Rome. But in analyzing the particular texts of the Roman period the question of who constituted a citizen in the ancient Roman empire, and of the ways in which the "public cult" of Roman civic and religious obedience was observed, this easy analysis of Roman identity is called into question.

In discussing questions of identity, the anthropologist Mary Douglas once observed "whenever a strict pattern of purity is imposed on our lives it is either highly uncomfortable, or, it leads into contradiction if closely followed, or it leads to hypocrisy." (Douglas 163) By making this statement, Douglas means that whenever a society has a strong definition of what constitutes its identity and core of values, it is almost impossible to follow the strictures imposed by that definition of identity in any close and accurate form without discomfort or contradiction. This was true of the definition of what it meant to be a good and virtuous Roman citizen from the empire's earliest days. According to the early historian Polybius, "Romaness" was an austere, military discipline."

Tags:roman, empire, citizen, slave, pluralism, plautus, livy, saullst, polybius, comedies, identity

Abstract
This dissertation discusses the culinary and food habits of the ancient Romans, with special emphasis on the history of wine, olives and olive oil, and bread and baking. The paper also examines typical recipes that provided for the early Roman cuisine. It includes numerous photographs, illustrations, and archaeological findings.

From the Paper
"As the flour milling techniques became more refined, the Romans began to produce top quality bread by singly finely milled wheat flour. This flour was called siligo. The bread that came from it was called Panis Siligineus. The first word means bread in Latin; the second denotes the type of grain from which the bread was made. There was another type of bread that could be considered an Egyptian import. This was called Alexandrian bread due to the crust that was created in Alexandria from local wheat. (Dl.ket.org, 2001)"

Tags:prandium, mola, slaves

Abstract
This paper examines the social and political significance of the entertainment in the life of ancient Rome. The paper explains that even though many forms of entertainment existed, special emphasis was given to the spectacles and public events rather than private events, like parties. The paper then looks at the function of these spectacles and their role in the politics and government of Ancient Rome. The paper discusses how, as Rome expanded both territorially and in influence, the status of the spectacles transformed - the expansion resulted in significant social and economic changes. The paper points out that entertainment in ancient Rome had a function that significantly differs from its function today - it was an opportunity for public gathering during which the people could speak freely and express their concerns. In conclusion, the paper shows that as Rome went from the republic to the empire, the spectacles remained important events and they gave the opportunity to the masses to see their ruler and express their opinion on state matters freely.

From the Paper
"The Romans were an agricultural society and their religion can be described as polytheistic paganism. The early religious rituals were aimed at pleasing the gods who, as Romans believed, controlled everything necessary for a successful harvest like crop growth and weather. The rituals were not limited only to the agriculture. They also extended to celebrations of military victories, celebrations of various household deities, etc. As Shelton notes "these days were the days of sacrifice and ritual, but also of holiday merriment, as Easter or Christmas are for us today" (329). In other words, these holidays were a great opportunity to skip a day of hard work, relax, socialize, be grateful for what you have and, through the rituals, do the best to have more next season. As such these holidays did not have any deeper political and social position in the Roman society.

Tags:gladiator, Caesar, ludi, games, agriculture, religious, rituals

Abstract
The paper looks at the role and status of women of the slave class in the Roman world. It explains how the social structure of ancient Rome depended on the institution of slavery and how the ruling classes sustained their power in this ancient world. The paper also explains how there is little evidence of lives' of the women slaves.

From the Paper
"The social structure of ancient Rome depended on the institution of slavery as a large-scale system. In that society, "unfree" labour provided a large share of the surplus by the control of which the position of the ruling classes was in part sustained" (Scheidel 210). In order to achieve such control, a very substantial number of slaves were required. In Rome, the "slave population accounted for approximately one third of the entire population" (Scheidel 210). When women were situated outside of social structures such as the "world of grand families, social authority, or large-scale patronage" (Fantham et al. 368), evidence concerning their lives is fragmented and scarce."

Tags:roles, status, slavery

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the laws of ancient Rome gave way to the beginning of the law as we know it today. Roman law evolved law and gave way to both unwritten "natural law" and most importantly written law. The writer notes that written law made each law known and so it gave way to the idea of equality for all. The writer points out that the Romans were one of the first governments to actually have written law which helped to govern the people because they could prosecute everyone since each person was required to know the law and go by it. Without written law, our society would be one in chaos. The writer concludes that Rome's history of law through the centuries gave way to law as we know it today and played a very important role in our history.

From the Paper
"This law was based on customs and applied only to Roman citizens. Since there were more than just Roman citizens in Rome, a set of laws were put in place titled jus gentium or law of the nations. These laws were set in place to govern both Roman citizens and foreigners. This set of laws would govern even magistrates and was a better alternative to jus civil. Generally, Roman had treaties with foreign states that would protect foreigners who ventured into Rome. For those foreigners whose state did not have a treaty with Rome, jus gentium would protect them as well. These laws would consist of three elements. The first would apply to an existing mercantile law and would be used by traders. The second part of the law would govern the Roman citizens and foreigners collectively and the third part of the law said that the magistrate would use his definition of what was fair and just."

Tags:code, of, laws, legal, rights, magistrates, court