Abstract
The paper describes how, through the ages, it has become evident that ancient civilizations had methods of creating structures that are unexplained, even to this day. The paper discusses how the manner in which astronomy affects archeology verifies this contention. The paper examines ancient observatories such as Chaco Canyon, Machu Picchu, and Chichen Itza, which have given science the means to explore the methods practiced by ancient societies in correlating the existence of their societies with the heavens.

Tags:astrology, archaeology, observatories

Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the evolution of the ancient Olympic Games and discusses ways in which they likely differ from the assumptions of modern readers. It specifically states the myths about the ancient Olympics and then contrasts them with the realities according to ancient texts and archaeological evidence. The paper further describes the religious significance of the ancient games, showing their relationship to Zeus and the various religious rites that took place. Additionally, the paper describes the criteria for an athlete to be accepted to the games and his reward for winning. The paper concludes by showing how Christianity contributed to the demise of the Olympics in ancient times.

Outline:
Introduction
Myths and Realities
The Site & Timing of the Games
Olympic Events
Religious Rites
Athletes
Awards & Rewards
Conclusion

From the Paper
'Like any ancient topic it is fair to say that conclusive evidence of any generalization is limited and that independent facts meld together to create a more or less completed picture of how events over time changed and developed. In the case of the ancient Olympics the event took place roughly every four years (on the longest day of the year) for more than 1,000 years. It is for this reason that a complet picture of the whole event is not possible but some suppositions are, and the greatest one being that the games, events, locations and nearly everything else, other than the fact that it was a competition changed over time."

Tags:ancient Greece, athletes, religious rites, Zeus, Olympia

Abstract
This paper discusses similarities between the ancient Greeks and the ancient Hebrews. It discusses the similarities in terms of both being relatively small kingdoms, both being centered on a few autonomous cities, both with a well-developed religious mythos, and both given to philosophical writings. The paper then compares the ancient Greeks and Hebrews to the ancient Romans.

From the Paper
"Ancient Greece and the ancient Hebrews had similar civilizations in many respects, both being relatively small kingdoms, both being centered on a few autonomous cities, both with a well-developed religious mythos, and both given to philosophical writings. Neither civilization was as grandiose or widespread as the Roman civilization that followed, and both were shaped around smaller groupings of warring cities or tribes. The tribes of Israel were unified and held together first by their beliefs, but they clearly lacked many of the elements considered essential to the concept of a nation. The tribes of Israel never acted long as a unit prior to the time of the rise of the monarchy in Palestine. There was before that time only single tribes, and occasionally small groups of tribes intervening in historical events. The term "nation" used to refer to the Israelites cannot be seen as having the same sense when used for other nations."

Tags:ancient, greeks, hebrews

Abstract
The paper relates that in Western literature and culture, there is a tradition that ancient Greece is the source of civilization, however, Greece-and other ancient civilizations-were profoundly influenced by Egypt. This paper argues that Egypt was the most influential civilization in the ancient world for three reasons: culture, commerce, and technology. The paper discusses how Egypt's contributions in these areas were absorbed by other civilizations, including not only the Greeks but also the Phoenicians and others. The conclusion is that, while Greece certainly ought to be acknowledged as the source of much of what we deem civilization, Egypt ought to be acknowledged as the first truly world-historical civilization, and the source of much of later Greek learning and aesthetics. The paper asserts that the fact that this acknowledgement has not taken place is a testimony both to the prejudices of scholars and the absence of popular knowledge about Egypt.

From the Paper
"In Western literature and culture, there is a tradition that ancient Greece is the source of civilization. However, Greece--and other ancient civilizations--were profoundly influenced by Egypt. This paper will argue that Egypt was the most influential civilization in the ancient world for three reasons: culture, commerce, and technology. Egypt's contributions in these areas were absorbed by other civilizations, including not only the Greeks but also the Phoenicians and others. The conclusion is that, while Greece certainly ought to be acknowledged as the source of much of what we..."

Tags:ancient, egypt, history

Abstract
The paper discusses how ancient ships-those whose basic designs date from the fourth millennium BCE in Egypt to the fourth century BCE in Greece-are among the finest and most influential material achievements of human civilization. This paper examines the origins and purposes of ancient ships prior to discussing their impact on the human and physical landscapes, and concludes by reviewing the unintended consequences of seafaring in ancient and early modern times.

From the Paper
"Ancient ships--those whose basic designs date from the fourth millennium BCE in Egypt to the fourth century BCE in Greece--are among the finest and most influential material achievements of human civilization. This paper will examine the origins and purposes of ancient ships prior to discussing their impact on the human and physical landscapes, and conclude by reviewing the unintended consequences of seafaring in ancient and early modern times. Defined simply as crafts capable of moving on water, ships date back to the very beginning of civilization, when they must have been used to..."

Tags:ancient, ships, seafaring

Abstract
The paper relates that the nature of hospitality in the ancient and modern worlds may appear extremely differing due to the nature of the family, tribe, and traveler in the ancient past. However, the paper shows how the notion of hospitality has continuity through the traditions of the Ancient Greeks and the Judaic tribes studied through textual referencing. The paper then looks at how the ideology of Homer and the Bible provide some historiography examples of the way that travelers were often let into a person's homes, due to the identity of the traveler being an important mission.

Tags:hospitality, ancient, culture

Abstract
The paper discusses how the phenomenon of mass social rituals, produced and enjoyed collectively by large segments of a social community, have been a consistent element of human civilization from earliest times. The paper looks at how Donald Kyle, in his "Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome", examines one of the most famous, and notorious, examples of this phenomenon: the inventive public slaughter of humans and animals in the arenas of ancient Rome. This paper critically reviews Kyle's text and his primary arguments, with particular comparative reference to similar practices of ritualized violence in ancient Aztec civilization. This comparative analysis is shown to reinforce Kyle's contention that such mass ritualized violence is of enormous political, social and even religious significance as a culturally unifying practice.

From the Paper
"The phenomenon of mass social rituals, produced and enjoyed collectively by large segments of a social community, have been a consistent element of human civilization from earliest times. Donald Kyle, in his "Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome", examines one of the most famous, and notorious, examples of this phenomenon: the inventive public slaughter of humans and animals in the arenas of ancient Rome. This essay will critically review Kyle's text and his primary arguments, with particular comparative..."

Tags:history, ancient, anthropology

Abstract
This paper discusses ancient Greece and Rome, noting first that the two major city-states in ancient Greece were Athens and Sparta, and these two cities had different social systems and concentrated on perfecting different aspects of life. The writer notes that the ancient Greeks developed a social system that reflected their geography and climate. The writer further points out that the city-state was the name given to the early kingdoms built around a small city, with the largest political unit being the city itself.

From the Paper
"The two major city-states in ancient Greece were Athens and Sparta, and these two cities had different social systems and concentrated on perfecting different aspects of life. The ancient Greeks developed a social system that reflected their geography and climate. The city-state was the name given to the early kingdoms built around a small city, with the largest political unit being the city itself. In time, city-states would join together to form larger political units, creating larger kingdoms and eventually empires stretching across much of a continent or other large area. For the Greeks, the city-state was the basic political unit, and the major ones were Athens and Sparta. The leadership in Athens was democratic, while that in Sparta was based more on strong military leaders."

Tags:greece, rome, ancient

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which warfare has had a significant effect upon the growth and development of the ancient world. It shows how by tracing the history of warfare from prehistoric times up until the late Roman Empire, it is apparent that war has had a powerful effect on philosophy politics history and rhetoric.

From the Paper
"Warfare was a powerful force in the ancient world, effecting both social development and change. Warfare has had a supreme effect on civilizations back to the beginning of recorded history and even into the prehistoric human era. One scholar on the subject points out that war is "both a law of nature and a human invention" (Garlan 23). In other words, warfare is an inescapable part of what it means to be human and yet the ways in which warfare effects social development can change from society to society. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which warfare has had a significant effect upon the growth and development of the ancient world. "

Tags:war, ancient, civilizations

Abstract
This paper looks the topic of gynecology in ancient Greece, with a particular focus on the doctor Soranus, who in the early common era wrote a book on the subject. It also provides the content of his theory.

From the Paper
"This research examines the topic of gynecology in ancient Greece with a particular focus on the doctor Soranus who in the early common era wrotea book on the subject. The research will set forth the historical and cultural context in which Soranus produced .."

Tags:Soranus, Socrates, Plato, Gynecology, Ancient, Greece, Ancient, Rome, Galen