Abstract
This paper discusses the way that tomb construction developed and changed in Egypt. The paper looks at three periods - The Old Kingdom (c2780-2260 BC); Middle Kingdom (c1997 -1650 BC) and New Kingdom (1552-1069 BC) - in order to compare the methods.

From the Paper
"Because of the incredible power and authority of the king at this time, his tomb was designed to exemplify his grandeur as well as serve as the final resting-place for his body and earthly possessions. In addition, the tomb complex was also the focal point of the king's cult for ritual prayer and for worship. Unfortunately, the roles of the king's tomb proved to nullify each other; the builders tried to "hide" the king's body and possessions while at the same time allowing the public in to worship him at the same time. As a result, the whereabouts of the king's treasure were common knowledge and over time each of these tombs was stripped of everything of value, not excluding the king's corpse itself? "

Tags:architecture, bahri, chefren, cheops, dier, egypt, el, giza, hatshepsut, khafre, khufu, kingdom, menkaure, middle, mycerinus, new, old, sakkara, tomb

Abstract
This paper examines life in Ancient Egypt. It looks at the three periods of thirty dynasties that Ancient Egyptian history is divided into: The three periods are the old, middle, and new kingdoms. The paper discusses the characteristics of each time period, as well as what was achieved during that time. The paper concludes that the Egyptians lived a good life of stability and security and through cooperation enriched their culture with many forms of art and written languages.

From the Paper
"The process of mummification required that the Egyptians dehydrate the organic tissues with a chemical substance called natron. Some of the internal organs were removed and placed in canopic jars that were associated with the gods such as Horus, who was the sky-god with the eyes of the sun and and moon and entered the living pharaohs. Some of the other gods were Ptah, the creator-god, who invented the arts; Hathor, the goddess of love and beauty; Osiris, the god of the dead who judged the souls for their worthiness, Isis, the sister and wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus, Re, the sun-god, Re-Horakhty, the sun-god and Horus joined together (Cox and Malek 11). Once the dehydration had taken place, the mummified body was covered with many types of fragrances and wrapped up in linen. The mummified bodies of the pharaohs were placed in tombs that were highly decorated with art and the Egyptian language of hieroglyphs."

Tags:gods, Nile, culture, hieroglyphics, pyramids

Abstract
While Egypt's ancient history passes through many unique periods, it is perhaps the Old, Middle, and Late Kingdoms that garner the greatest attention as they demonstrate the greatest changes in growth and development and a transition in art, culture, and religion. The Old Kingdom marked the period in which the majority of Egypt's pyramids were constructed, the development of a complex military state, and the beginnings of outside trade. The Middle Kingdom, marked as much for political stability as for massive infrastructure construction, a great and lasting peace, and the blossoming of art and architecture, was also a time of great expansion and political growth. The Late Kingdom was a time of securing borders, establishing complex internal political systems, greater complexities in art and architecture, and further changes in religious practices and thought. It is the purpose of this paper to examine art, religion, and funerary practices in each of these ages and to show how each cultural element was shaped by the particular forces of its respective age.

Abstract
The paper discusses many cultures' conceptualizations of an "Afterlife" in which our existence is, in some form at least, continued after the cessation of functioning of our physical bodies. The paper explains that this conception of an "Afterlife" is usually closely integrated in the dominant religion and religious rituals of a culture, in which the presiding deities or supernatural entities represent effective guarantors of the "Afterlife." The paper examines the conceptualizations of death and the afterlife in Ancient Egypt with a particular emphasis upon how these concepts were integrated into Egyptian religion and popular society. The paper shows how Ancient Egyptian concepts of death and the afterlife were diverse and complex as opposed to homogenous and monolithic, and suggest commonalities in the human experience that span millennia.

From the Paper
"One of the most universal of human preoccupations is our concern with death. In many cultures this has manifested itself in the form of conceptualizations of an "Afterlife" in which our existence is, in some form at least, continued after the cessation of functioning of our physical bodies. This conception of an "Afterlife" is usually closely integrated in the dominant religion and religious rituals of a culture, in which the presiding deities or supernatural entities represent effective..."

Tags:history, egypt, ancient

Abstract
This paper explores the the technological and cultural achievements of ancient Egypt with an emphasis on the pyramids and how they were constructed. First, the paper presents numerous scientific advances of ancient Egyptian civilization. Then, an in-depth discussion of pyramid construction and the reasons behind building these tombs is presented. Various dynasties are described in light of the ongoing development of ancient Egyptian architecture. The paper continues by giving a detailed account of how today's archeologists believe the pyramids were constructed, showing which materials were used and how the ancient Egyptians fashioned tools to aid in building. The paper concludes by citing some extant examples of ancient Egyptian tombs and pyramids.

From the Paper
"Ancient Egyptians were, even without including the pyramids, highly successful in terms of technological advancement. In the Early Dynastic period, from 2950 - 2575 B.C., the Egyptians were creating the capitol city of Memphis, designing underground burial tombs, practicing mummification, and using early forms of hieroglyphs (Baines). Further, these highly intellectual individuals developed, according to author Peter James, antibiotics (9), numerous surgical instruments (14), canals (88), automatically opening doors (122), plank built ships (83), black ink (94), and a host of other inventions. After improving stone working technologies in the Predynastic period (5,500 - 3,100 B.C.), the Egyptians of the Dynastic period discovered and improved masonry, allowing them to develop multiple artifacts of limestone, sandstone, granite, calcite, basalt, and quartzite. Those artifacts included statues, vessels, beads, sarcophagi, obelisks, and, of course, the pyramids (Stocks, 13)."

Tags:Great Pyramids, Herodotus, tombs

Abstract
This paper examines life in ancient Egypt by providing information on different aspects of this fascinating time in history. The paper examines the architecture of the time, including the pyramids and tombs and other public buildings. The paper looks at the social classes which existed in ancient Egypt, from the Pharoah down to the lowly farmers. The paper also discusses divorce, hygiene, entertainment, religion and the rights of women.

From the Paper
"Cleanliness was very important to the Egyptians, and most people bathed every day, using a cleansing cream consisting of lime, oil, and perfume. Additionally, people rubbed themselves with perfumed oil daily, made by mixing flowers and scented oil with fat. People of all ages, children included, painted their faces. Green malachite was mixed with oil to make "Khol", and was used to accent the eyes, it was also believed to have magical powers. Red ochre was mixed with water and applied to the lips and cheeks, and henna was used to dye fingernails."

Tags:Egyptologists, Giza, Cheops, Cleopatra

Abstract
This paper discusses religious belief and practices in Ancient Egypt. It particularly focuses on the ancient Egyptian's belief in the power of the dead and their concerns for immortality. The paper discusses how their rituals revolved around this concept, such as the idea that worshipping the sun would lead to immortality and how ancient Egyptians firmly believed that when a person died, the deceased would take on new lifeforms.

From the Paper
"Understandably, Egyptian religion was replete with symbols which could be found on papyri, coffins, amulets and the walls of temples, palaces and especially tombs. These symbols were mostly designed to represent spiritual, religious and magical entities and the most common of these symbols, i.e. the key symbol of the Egyptians and their polytheistic religion, was the scarab beetle (Khepera) which stood "at the core of Egyptian religion and beliefs and incorporated the idea of the resurrection of the dead" (Budge, 231). The most influential of these beetles was the winged scarab which guaranteed the safe passage into the Underworld and were meant to ward off evil as the deceased stood before the Courts of Ausar. This scarab beetle also was often placed over the heart of a mummified person which was believed to guarantee rebirth and eternal life in the afterworld."

Tags:spiritual, resurrection, afterlife

Abstract
The paper reveals that ancient Egypt was an advanced culture that led the world in building, art, and language. The paper explains that they developed paper and innovations in architecture as well as in the field of medicine and finally, that they invented early versions of the calendar and clock. The paper also points out that the fact that many elements of Egyptian society that have survived and thrived to influence Western civilization is one reason their accomplishments are so historically important.

From the Paper
"Ancient Egypt, although it certainly had its faults, was one of the most advanced cultures of the time. In developing such a superior culture, the people were innovative and open to new ideas, and so, they naturally developed many items that contributed to Western Civilization, and are still important today. One of the most important and influential aspects of their culture was their educational model, which has become the backbone of modern Western Civilization. One scholar writes, "Most evidence highlights the education of the upper and middle classes, who were trained to become officials, lawyers, doctors, and architects. They were taught reading, writing, and the study of literature, as well as foreign languages for those who planned to enter the diplomatic service, and mathematics for those training to become architects" (David 37)."

Tags:building, art, language, medicine, clock, calendar

Abstract
Ancient Egypt had a significant impact on early Greek culture, as can be evidenced by enduring artifacts. Egyptian sculptures, primarily created for the pharaohs or high-ranking officials and essentially religious in function, significantly influenced the form and style of statues of the early Archaic Age. Poses were rather rigid and very conventional and facial expression was confined to the typical Egyptian half smile. The paper shows that over time, Greek artisans began developing their own approach. By the late Archaic and definitely prior to the beginning of the Golden Age or Classical Period, artwork started to reflect evolving philosophies and ideals and to celebrate the human figure. Sculptures portrayed more elaborate features and less static stances.

From the Paper
"The statues also represented the society's hierarchy. At the bottom of the rung were the slaves, tomb builders and farmers. Further up came the craftspeople, educators, doctors, noblemen and priests. The pharaoh filled more than the role of king and ruler. He was considered a god on earth. (Grant 1990, 23) Egyptians used the size of their statues to illustrate the social order. The pharaoh was larger then life size, scribes and court officials life size and workers and peasants always shown working. The images of the pharaoh, always larger than life, made him appear all the more god-like. The large works of sculpture were often displayed at temples that were built for the pharaoh's chosen deity."

Tags:Menkaure, kouroi, Doryphoros

Abstract
This paper describes early life in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and how the environment developed. The writer explains the significance of agriculture in bringing the people to live together in villages and sustain themselves from farming near the rivers and waterways. The paper includes details of recent archaeological discoveries in the area that support the claims.

From the Paper
"Since the early years of archeological studies, it was thought that these developments occurred concurrently, meaning that they were devised and utilized at approximately the same time; however, recent archeological research has forced this view to change, for it is now clear that "Mesopotamia and its environs were far ahead of Egypt, at least temporarily, some five thousand years ago" (Snell, 178). Numerous village/farming communities in present-day Iraq date back to the mid seventh millennium B.C.E., and the remarkable fortified town of Jericho appears to be even older. In Egypt, the oldest settlements, located near the delta of the Nile River, do not seem to have been founded much before 4500 B.C.E., and furthermore, an urban society like those found in Mesopotamia seems to have never developed there."

Tags:civilization, pyramid, nile, river, village, farm