Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that warfare in ancient times is understood by records of civilizations, which often exaggerate their wins and accomplishments for purposes of bolstering an ancient civilization's perception of their king or leader. The writer discusses that as time passes, and more information is studied and compared against the still emerging body of archeological data, it is possible to better understand the state of warfare in ancient civilizations. The extent to which warfare was waged in ancient times continues to be debated, but the historical and archeological evidence has begun to reveal that when war did occur, it was on a scale that often times completely altered or transformed the civilization in which it occurred. The writer maintains that it would be fair to say that mankind's propensity for waging war is one that can be traced to the ancient tribes of every civilization on earth. It might also be surmised, especially given the role of religious deities and pagan beliefs, that the impetus to make war arose out of superstition as much as it did out of the need to offset nature with resources.

Outline:
Introduction
Ancient Egypt
The Mesoamerica Ancient Civilizations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Even with this information, there remain volumes of unanswered questions, the answers to which can only be speculated about at this time. While the written and archeological data of some civilizations, such as the Egyptians, have left us with a wealth of information, it still must be translated and taken into consideration as to the goals the ancients themselves had in the writings. As has been previously noted here, the ancient Egyptians had a tendency to exaggerate war wins for the benefit of the powerful.
"An examination of a ancient civilizations where the writings and archeological data are not as voluminous as ancient Egypt or Rome, means that much of what is concluded form the artifacts is based on historians' and archeologists' experiences with other ancient civilizations, like Egypt, Greece, and Rome."

Tags:Egyptians, warring, nation, empire, ruler

Abstract
This paper explains how all ancient civilizations relied on flowing water to exist. The Egyptians relied on the Nile. To the east, the Euphrates and the Tigris created Mesopotamia. The Indus River nourished ancient Indian civilization, and the great Yellow River (Huang Ho) made the birth of Chinese civilization possible.

From the Paper
"Thus all ancient culture hearths could depend on a steady source of water, which also brought nutrients to the soil and fish as a source of food. Except for the violent Tigris and Yellow, the rivers also served as an easy means of communication. Easy communications facilitated the exchange of ideas and goods while breaking down the culturally retarding barriers of isolation. The size and fertility of the broad valleys made possible a vast increase in the land that could be cultivated, which in turn meant a vast increase in wealth and population; necessary ingredients to the development of large sophisticated social structures. Although great rivers were a common feature of these pioneering civilizations, soil and climate differed, and these differences left a significant imprint on human development. Different climates meant that the rivers nurtured different crops and required different methods of agriculture. Geography and the means by which people turned it to their uses influenced the ways in which societies evolved."

Tags:water, nile, egypt, euphrates, tigris, mesopotamia, indus, china, inidan, yello

Abstract
This paper explores Martin Goodman's new book, "Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations" and highlights the causal links that he uses to argue that the Romans selectively and purposefully chose to move against the Jews beginning in 66 CE to approximately 260 CE. The paper explains that the destruction of the Temple of Herod is a main argument in Goodman's thesis.

From the Paper
"For the past decade, the trend in academic literature has been to market it to both the academic and the layperson audience. Martin Goodman's new book, "Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations" abandons this trend, as Goodman provides heavily-documented research on the status of the Jewish people during the time when the Romans were the dominant force within the region. It is a laborious effort to make it through the book, as Goodman seeks to cite or document each aspect of the text with archeological or theological evidence from ancient scholars such as the Apostle Paul and the Jewish historian Josephus. Goodman's principle thesis..."

Tags:jews, romans, goodman

Abstract
This paper explores the ways in the elements of the society's subcultures come together to form the overall social culture, and how, once formed, they give rise to the governing state. The paper relies upon the academic knowledge and expertise of renowned scholars and researchers who have studied the patterns of ancient civilizations. The existing bodies of works of the scholars and researchers whose work contributes to the understanding gained through this paper substantiate the rise of the nation-state governance through the unification of individual elements of the subculture.

Outline:
Introduction
Roman Society
China and Socialization
Egypt as a Society
MesoAmerica
Summary

From the Paper
"China was a society that demonstrated early on in its history one of the necessary tools for moving toward the ideal of a nation-state, because it developed laws by which to bring together its population under a central governance by way of putting into writing laws for governance and morality (Peerenboom, R. P., 1993:1). When a society begins observing behaviors of its members and judging those behaviors as deviant and not good for the whole of society, and begin to put those observations down in a form of governance, that is establishing a governance of behavior of the society. The logical direction for such a society is expand its governance over the physical body too, and devise a philosophy of religion that people hold at the center of their existence, and design their lives and behavior around."

Tags:MesoAmerica, Egypt, China, Rome

Abstract
This paper presents a brief overview of ancient Egyptian culture, including a look at the role of the "Pharoah" and the writing system developed at that time. The development of ancient Indian culture over 3,500 years is outlined, and a discussion of ancient Chinese culture discussed, including the influence of Confucius on Chinese society.

From the Paper
"The civilizations of the Near East, especially that of Egypt, has captured reasonable attention of the scholars. The Egyptian civilization is considered as a mystery as the scholars are still making new discoveries about the religion, the colossal architecture of the region and the educational developments of that time. The Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, the Upper Egypt (also known as the Nile Valley) and the Lower Egypt (Nile Delta)
However, Egypt was unified in 3000 B.C., when Menes established his kingdom and developed Memphis as his capital. At this time, the central power was in the hands of the king and he was considered as the only individual who had direct contact with God. According to Egyptians beliefs, their king was divine and was even considered superior to the priests. The economic affairs of the whole kingdom were in the hands of the king and he was the owner of the state. Under the King, there was a well-established hierarchy of Royal family members, officials, governors and mayors. The rest of the community consisted of slaves, peasants and artisans."

Tags:Pharoah, pyramids, Dravids, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Hinduism, Jain, Xia, Confucius

Abstract
The paper discusses borrowing versus independent invention as explanation of dramatic features of early civilizations, such as writing systems or the pyramids of Egypt and Mexico. The paper argues that the great weight of evidence and probability favors independent development of the major features of ancient civilizations.

From the Paper
"The great early civilizations exert a continuing fascination. Their physical monuments often still imposing after thousands of years set these civilizations off from other early societies and testify to their ability to harness human energy in all its forms and on an enormous scale. Sometimes we sense a haunting similarity among these achievements; pyramids, states and laws, the first writing systems. A widespread belief has developed supported by popular speculative writers, though largely rejected by professional archeologists and historians, that these..."

Tags:civilization, invention, China, Egypt, mesopotamia, egypt, mesoamerica, pyramids, law, writing, chariot, empire

Abstract
The paper describes how, through the ages, it has become evident that ancient civilizations had methods of creating structures that are unexplained, even to this day. The paper discusses how the manner in which astronomy affects archeology verifies this contention. The paper examines ancient observatories such as Chaco Canyon, Machu Picchu, and Chichen Itza, which have given science the means to explore the methods practiced by ancient societies in correlating the existence of their societies with the heavens.

Tags:astrology, archaeology, observatories

Abstract
In this paper the author examines how British rule has made an impact on Indian politics. Making comparison to Abdullah Hussein's characters in "Weary Generations", the author suggests that British rule, in modern Indian politics, continues to be "an unhappy marriage that still is not broken". The second section of the paper discusses political institutions in contemporary India and their relevance, whilst the third section looks at Indian ancient civilization which the author suggests has led to a modern day philosophy of non-violence, religious tolerance. The paper concludes with a look at democracy in India as compared to that in China and Japan.

From the paper:

"The English made many external changes that led to the Indian people's desire and ability to become their own unified country. Although unification may never have happened without the influence of the British, it was the Indians themselves that eventually achieved their unity. The British could not completely unify India."

Tags:abdullah, hussein, weary, generations, cannadienne, ornamentalism, empire, capitalism, rule, of, law, democracy, colonial, dalit, protective, discrimination, phoolan, devi, criminalization, gandhi, sakas, huns, pathans, mughals, rabindranath, tagore, bharat, tirtha, pilgrimage, china

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the ways in which warfare has had a significant effect upon the growth and development of the ancient world. It shows how by tracing the history of warfare from prehistoric times up until the late Roman Empire, it is apparent that war has had a powerful effect on philosophy politics history and rhetoric.

From the Paper
"Warfare was a powerful force in the ancient world, effecting both social development and change. Warfare has had a supreme effect on civilizations back to the beginning of recorded history and even into the prehistoric human era. One scholar on the subject points out that war is "both a law of nature and a human invention" (Garlan 23). In other words, warfare is an inescapable part of what it means to be human and yet the ways in which warfare effects social development can change from society to society. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which warfare has had a significant effect upon the growth and development of the ancient world. "

Tags:war, ancient, civilizations

Abstract
The paper relates that in Western literature and culture, there is a tradition that ancient Greece is the source of civilization, however, Greece-and other ancient civilizations-were profoundly influenced by Egypt. This paper argues that Egypt was the most influential civilization in the ancient world for three reasons: culture, commerce, and technology. The paper discusses how Egypt's contributions in these areas were absorbed by other civilizations, including not only the Greeks but also the Phoenicians and others. The conclusion is that, while Greece certainly ought to be acknowledged as the source of much of what we deem civilization, Egypt ought to be acknowledged as the first truly world-historical civilization, and the source of much of later Greek learning and aesthetics. The paper asserts that the fact that this acknowledgement has not taken place is a testimony both to the prejudices of scholars and the absence of popular knowledge about Egypt.

From the Paper
"In Western literature and culture, there is a tradition that ancient Greece is the source of civilization. However, Greece--and other ancient civilizations--were profoundly influenced by Egypt. This paper will argue that Egypt was the most influential civilization in the ancient world for three reasons: culture, commerce, and technology. Egypt's contributions in these areas were absorbed by other civilizations, including not only the Greeks but also the Phoenicians and others. The conclusion is that, while Greece certainly ought to be acknowledged as the source of much of what we..."

Tags:ancient, egypt, history