Abstract In the year 2000 the Irish population of the United States (those of Irish ancestry) numbered 33.1 million, almost nine times the population of Ireland itself. The paper shows that aside from the sheer number of their population, the Irish historically have had an influence on labor and the labor movement ever since they arrived. This paper examines data from the 1990 consensus and the 2000 consensus to discuss several facts about the Irish-American population in the labor force.
From the Paper "The data collected from the 1990 census, where statistics on demographic populations were broken down by ancestry, not just general racial categories, indicates that this situation has now changed. Both the Labor Force Characteristics for Selected Ancestry Groups and the Selected Characteristics for Persons of Irish Ancestry were used. Data in the 2000 census was collected differently to comply with laws enacted several decades ago. Lost in this new configuration, however, is the ability to draw information about groups based on ancestry. For that reason, the 1990 census is a more effective gage of the current status of Irish-Americans in the present United States labor force. There is little doubt that despite the fact that Irish-Americans were once the pariahs of the labor market, the assimilation and acculturation of that population into the American mainstream has changed that situation drastically."
Abstract This paper provides a review of the book, "River Out of Eden", by Richard Dawkins. The review provides summaries of the main arguments from each chapter and a discussion, in particular, of the different thresholds mentioned by Dawkins.
From the Paper "In the first chapter, The Digital River, Dawkins introduces the idea of evolution by comparing it to a river, metaphorical, and changing over time. The river, he tells us, contains all of the DNA that has survived up until that point, and through the course of time, the river has deviated from its original path, producing different routes for the river, different branches, as he calls them. On each of these different branches of the river, he says, different combinations of DNA have been put together, and different genes have been constructed, giving different forms of life on each of the different pathways."
