Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal that examines antenatal care (ANC) in the Machakos District. The paper specifically explores and determines why some pregnant mothers book late for ANC and others do not attend the minimum of four visits as per WHO (World Health Organization) standards. The paper contains appendices of a work plan, a budget and a questionnaire.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter One
Introduction
Back Ground to the Study
Statement of the Research Problem
Justification of the Study
Research Questions
Research Objectives
General Objectives
Specific Objectives
Chapter Two
Literature Review
Antenatal Care and Pregnant Women: A Global Perspective
Antenatal Care in Kenya
Antenatal Care and HIV Infection
Chapter Three
RESEARCH Methodology
Research Design
Study area
Description of the Study Area
Study population
Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Sampling Technique and Sample Size determination
Sample Size Determination
Sampling Techniques
Data Collection Techniques and Processes
Instruments
Pre-Testing
Data Collection Process
Data Management and Analysis
Study Limitations
Ethical Consideration

From the Paper
"Machakos District Hospital is situated in Machakos town, 64 kilometers southeast of Nairobi. The town is the capital of Machakos District in Eastern province of Kenya. Machakos town is a major rural centre, and also a satellite town due to its proximity to Nairobi. Its population is rapidly growing and is 144,109 (Kenya National Beureau of Statistics: 1999). People who live here are mostly the Kambas. Machakos is surrounded by hilly terrain, with a high number of family farms. The town has an open air market where maize, beans and other grains are sold. Major market days are Mondays and Fridays and this is when pregnant mothers are more likely to attend clinics in machakos district hospital. Machakos has a number of financial institutions like Barclays, equity, co-operative and KCB at the CBD. It also has the larger administrative offices in lower Ukambani. Machakos town also has good road infrastructure and town planning. it also has a well planned bus termini at the heart of the town. There is a bus terminus in Nairobi popularly known as the Machakos Airport. It's a busy place where Buses and, matatus depart for Machakos and kitui. The town is surrounded by primary, secondary schools as well as tertiary colleges and college universities."

Tags:ANC, pregnancy, fetus, testing

Abstract
F.W. de Klerk's transformation of South Africa's National Party was instrumental in freeing South Africa from the grip of apartheid. The paper explains how the self-described centralist had to undertake a very difficult balancing act between striving for consensus among the National Party's (NP) right wingers and the African National Congress's (ANC) freedom fighters. Yet he was less successful in the equally difficult task of establishing his minority rule party as a strong and credible opposition party in a post-apartheid world. The paper discusses de Klerk's relationship with his successor, Nelson Mandela and their actions which led to a 'one-man-one-vote' system of elections in a freed South Africa.

From the Paper
"The political fallout of this cautious approach was significant. It made the already difficult task of convincing the newly expanded electorate that the architects of apartheid should be charged with dismantling the race-based system even harder, the same system that kept them in power for 50 years. The slow embrace of reform created the perception that the National Party was only half heartedly committed to the new South Africa. The National Party had a short and crucial window in which to seal its image as reformers. And the ANC successfully seized and exploited this weakness. From the time of Mandela's release from prison in 1990 to his election of President of South Africa in 1994, majority rule support for the ANC only strengthened."

Tags:ANC, National, Unity, Inkatha, Botha

Abstract
This paper discusses that Nelson Mandela, as the leader of the ANC, led the opposition against the government through nonviolent tactics such as boycotts, strikes, and non-cooperation. The author believes that his principles of peaceful resistance are the key to his success. The paper states that if Mandela had taken a different approach, he would not have been as successful because the ruthless apartheid government, which ruled South Africa, would have punished him much more harshly than just imprisoning him.

From the Paper
"Nelson Mandela chooses to resist peacefully the Apartheid government through the ANC. He and his supports incorporate strikes, protests, boycotts and non-co-operation into their peaceful resistance. Mandela starts a movement based on his beliefs and those of the ANC. He "creates a powerful national liberation movement based on under the banner of African national is and lead by "African's themselves."" (Mandela 112) The key idea that that makes Mandel success is Africans lead by Africans. This radical proposed change is the exact government the African people desire. Mandela and the ANC "advocate the redivision of land on an equitable basis; the abolition of color bars prohibiting Africans from doing skilled work; and the need for free and compulsory education." "

Tags:boycott, nonviolent, liberation, africa, color

Abstract
This paper offers three learning modules that are based on different sections of the autobiography of Nelson Mandela, "Long Walk To Freedom". The modules focus on various aspects of Mandela's liberation struggle leadership, including his years in the ANC, his trials for treason and his imprisonment for nearly three decades.

From the Paper
"These sections of Mandela's autobiography demonstrate that more than diving into liberation politics, the leader stumbled into freedom fighting. As he explains, "I had no epiphany, no singular revelation, no moment of truth, but a steady accumulation of a thousand slights, a thousand indignities, a thousand unremembered moments produced in me an anger, a rebelliousness, a desire to fight the system that imprisoned my people." Working as a lawyer with his longtime friend, Oliver..."

Tags:Apartheid, South Africa, blacks, racism, segregation, discrimination, legal system, family

Abstract
This paper follows the life of Winnie Mandela, born into an affluent black family in South Africa. The paper traces her education and her growing awareness of the injustice of the apartheid system in her work as a social worker in one of Johannesburg's poorest hospitals. The paper follows her career as an activist in the African National Congress, her arrests as a political prisoner, and the formation of the ANC's Women's League. The paper ends with the reasons for Winnie Mandela's downfall in the Stompie case where she was accused of the murder of a fourteen year old boy and her banishment from the South African political arena.

From the Paper
"While many of her followers turned on her in light of these new revelations, there were others who understood how she came to condone and order murder. They point to the fact that she spent year being afraid and paranoid because of the various government and political factions that wanted her dead. She had to constantly hide, and when she was in public she was forced to present a face of defiance so that her followers would remain strong and calm in the fight against apartheid. If she displayed fear or weakness then the followers may have believed they had no hope of winning. After years of having to hold her head up while being handcuffed and jailed, years of being away from her children in the name of equality and years of hearing rumors that there were plans to kill her and stop her leadership for good she had to develop a hard shell of protection. This caused her to be able to rationalize to herself that whatever actions were needed to further the cause of freedom were actions well worth taking."

Tags:Transkei, solitary, confinement, football, biography

Abstract
The paper examines and discusses the response of major powers in the world to the rule of apartheid in South Africa. In particular, the author focuses on the United States, the (now defunct) Soviet Union and Great Britain. The author examines the development of apartheid in South Africa and describes how differing power blocks worked towards an abolition of Apartheid. The author then compares the course chosen by the Soviet Union, the United States, Great Britain and other western countries to end apartheid and looks at the effectiveness of those policies.

Outline:
Thesis
Antithesis
Synthesis
Works Cited

From the Paper
"It is important to note that, once the United States and Britain took some level of meaningful action in the mid-1980s, apartheid was gone in less than a decade. South African Pres. F.W. de Clerk began dismantling apartheid in 1990 and held the country's first free, open elections in 1994. Certainly, the demise of apartheid could be attributed to the cumulative effects of years of pressure from other nations, but when the United States and Britain officially condemned apartheid with economic sanctions, the South African regime lost its last elements of legitimacy. It is reasonable to think that, with continued American and British support, apartheid could have lasted longer in South Africa. It is equally important to note that the effects of weak measures by the Americans and British were arguably devastating to the South African people. By all accounts, the 30-plus years of limited or no activity by the American and British were marked by thousands of cases of execution, torture and unlawful imprisonment. Twenty-two thousand South Africans have been officially recommended for government reparations, although this number it considered a dramatic understatement, and it does not, obviously, include the dead (Singer, 2004). And, certainly, government-forced poverty took a toll on millions of other South Africans. In short, the cost of American and British inactivity was extremely high."

Tags:race discrimination segregation sanctions anc black africa, cold war, communism democracy, soviet union, united states, great britain

Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews the book "Burger's Daughter" by Nadine Gordimer. The writer explores many of the issues in the book, including the arrest of political prisoners. The writer also discusses the anti-apartheid movement supported in South Africa by many people, including white liberals and leftists.

From the Paper
"In the novel 'Burger's Daughter', Nadine Gordimer tells the story of a young woman's slowly evolving identity in the turbulent political environment of South Africa before the end of white rule and the apartheid system in that country. Her father's death in prison after being convicted of treason for opposing many of the laws that helped make the apartheid system function, and her mother's death left Rosa Burger alone to explore the intricacies of what it actually means to be Burger's daughter in a nation divided by apartheid ..."

Tags:Book review, apartheid, anti apartheid movement, racism, Sotuh Africa, ANC, Mandella, race laws

Abstract
This paper examines how variances in race and color, controlled, confined and humiliated native South Africans for almost a century. Decades of oppression took their toll on black South Africans and they eventually resisted against their oppressors. It looks at how the cumulative resistance of oppressed South Africans and sympathizers from other countries ultimately triggered the downfall of the apartheid-enforcing government.

From the Paper
"The black citizens of South Africa, who were subjected to innumerable atrocities under the government of the Afrikaners, were forced into reluctant but violent protests. The majority groups within South Africa formed several organizations in hopes of peacefully obtaining the liberties to which they were entitled. These organizations, quickly banned and dissolved by the Apartheid government, included the African Political Organization, formed in 1902, the 1923 South African Indian Congress, and the African National Congress (ANC) of 1912. The African Political Organization was created in order to protest the injustices of the present government toward the oppressed people in general, while other organizations were created to protect only the rights of certain races or groups of people. The South African Indian Congress was such an organization."

Tags:government, blacks, anc, nelson, mandela

Abstract
The paper focuses on Nelson Mandela's fight for freedom for blacks in South Africa, from the 1950 through his release from prison and election to the office of President.

From the paper:

"Nelson Mandela would spend the remaining years of apartheid in prison (Mandela 328). However, others still carried on his work. In 1974 there appeared to be a breakthrough. South Africa?s ambassador to the United Nations, R.F ?Pik? Both announced that South Africa was breaking down the system of apartheid. By now, South Africa?s struggle had caught International attention, and the world watched ? and waited."

Tags:anc, united, nations, africa, apartheid, civil, jr, king, luther, mandela, martin, nelson, non, protest, rights, south, violent

Abstract
This paper studies the economic impact of apartheid in South Africa between 1948 and 1991. It looks at post war economic problems and the rise of the National Party, its ruthless enforcement of apartheid and South Africa as one of the most unequal countries in the world.

From the Paper
"This sent shock waves through the white community particularly among white South Africans in the lowest economic strata who feared that companies would replace them with lower wage earning Black workers. This resulted in a knee jerk reaction among the all-white electorate. According to Stephen Lewis this reaction resulted in the surprise election victory ..."

Tags:Economic impact, apartheid, south africa, mandella, anc, sanctions, united nations, national party, poverty, minority, majority