Abstract This paper discusses and explains some basic anatomical features of the body such as the anatomical position, planes and sections through the human body, and homeostasis. Relation of anatomy to physiology.
From the Paper "The principle of complementarity was developed by Nils Bohr while working in the field of atomic physics, but can be applied to any science. It is an epistemological principle that essentially means that nothing can be studied in isolation, different aspects of the same organ can help us understand its true function in life. An organ's structure cannot be studied without understanding how it functions in the living system. Anatomy relates to physiology in that..."
Abstract This paper details the anatomic components of swallowing, including the oral cavity components, the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, the associated muscles and nerves, and how they function in normal swallowing. Dysphagia - abnormal swallowing - is also discussed in terms of the anatomical features involved and the effects produced.
From the Paper "This paper looks at the anatomy of the swallowing process dealing with the oral cavity, the pharynx, larynx and esophagus and the muscles and nerves which make them function. It then looks at the process of normal swallowing which includes the oral stage, the pharyngeal stage and the esophageal stage and the mechanisms which make them function. Next, it describes the types of problems encountered in dysphagia, abnormal swallowing and how these can occur at various points in the swallowing process and how these can be affected by..."
Abstract The paper presents several rationales behind the increase in ACL injuries among female athletes, including an anatomical explanation. The author differentiates between male and female knee construction, and discusses the increased demand placed on this joint by increasingly competitive female sports.
From the Paper "There has been a tremendous increase in the number of female athletes in the past generation. Undoubtedly because of the rise in feminism and the consequent rise in consciousness of equality across the board in our culture there has been a simultaneous increase in the number of athletic programs, clinics, sports per se for all categories and at all levels of physical skill. As female athletes have gained a foothold in the world of sports and athletics generally, not surprisingly the female athlete is also experiencing an increase in injuries related to sports events. This is not simply a matter of more injuries per se as the female population increases; it reflects a rise in the injury because of the very nature of the female anatomy."
Abstract This paper discusses the anatomical and biological differences between the genders and the social equalities or inequalities that are prevalent. This paper also takes a look at whether these social equalities or inequalities are in-bred or as a result of the cultures and society in which we live.
Contents
The Biologically Based Gender Argument
Psychological Theories on Gender
Cross Cultural Theories on Gender
Gender As Socially Constructed
Gender As A Social Institution
Gender and Six Degrees
From the Paper "Psychological theories do not support the idea that innate gender differences result in the social, political and economic inequalities that result from gender differences (Kimmel, 1999). Developmental psychologists have focused no the interpretations and definitions of masculinity and femininity and how they change over a person's life, suggesting that the issues confronting people affect gender including the social institutions people use to enact life experiences (Kimmel, 1999).
Carol Tavris suggest that "binary thinking" leads to the notion that 'men act like men' and women act like women'; the psychologists suggest that most differences that exist between women and men in terms of psychological beliefs, abilities traits and values result not from gender differences but rather the result of men and women being in different positions or arenas in life (Kimmel, 12). While differences may appear based on gender they are actually based on multiple factors including culture, environment, relationships and more."
Abstract This paper discusses the anatomical and physiological processes of cellular metabolism and anabolism, including what each is and what each does, the distinguishing characteristics between the two, how enzymes control the metabolic process, how cells access energy for their activities, how metabolic pathways are regulated and what the metabolic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism are.
From the Paper "Metabolism is a chemical process that is performed by any living organism, at the cellular level, in order to balance energy. This energy balance is done by processing nutrients that come into the body at the cellular level, and the end result is the maintenance of life. Metabolism, really, is a combination of two separate types of reactions. The first type of reaction that makes up metabolism is catabolism. Catabolism is a decomposition reaction and thus is exergonic, which means that this type of reaction produces more energy than it consumes. Another term for this would be exothermic, that catabolism produces heat. Catabolic reactions take the energy stored in organic molecules and release this energy. Some important catabolic reactions that take place at the cellular level are the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and glycolysis. In many ways, anabolism is the opposite of catabolism. "
Abstract This paper examines how, in the introduction to the "History of Sexuality", Foucault argues that in the 17th century the role of sex and sexual activity in the discourse of western society made a fundamental and radical change. It also looks at how, in "Discipline and Punish", Foucault argues that obsessions over sexuality and society's approval or disapproval of specific actions occurs because of the infinite diffusion of power which is found as the basis of western society. In comparison, it looks at how two decades later, Butler employed themes from Foucault's philosophy in order to argue her case for the arbitrariness of anatomical sex, gender identity and gender performance. It shows that through the arguments in her work, "Gender Trouble", Butler concludes that there is no essential relationship between a person's anatomical sex, her self-identified gender and the gender performance she enacts to fulfill society's expectations of the norm.
From the Paper "Foucault's analysis of discourses on sex comes as a reaction to the more commonly-held belief that there was a society-wide discourse of repression in regards to sex. Foucault argues against this; he questions whether or not "sexual repression is truly an established historical fact"; whether "prohibition, censorship, and denial truly the forms through which power is exercised in a general way, if not in every society, most certainly in our own"; and whether "there really was a historical rupture between the age of repression and the critical analysis of repression". Foucault argues that through the evolution of Christian pastoral practices, specifically that of confessions regarding sexual sins, society was compelled to begin an elaborate and never-ceasing discourse on sex. "
Abstract This paper examines the representation of gods in Greek art, and the very rigid patterns and canons that had been imposed by the masters of the past. The paper holds that those rules were followed religiously by art pupils, who learned the crafts to continue traditions. This is one reason why artistic representations of gods and goddesses show very similar features and obey to the same anatomical rules of body structure and proportion. The Greeks believed that the gods were perfect and their goal was to represent this perfection by finding the key to flawless harmony of features and lines. The paper argues that this created some troubles in representing a vast range of deities, since they all looked alike for following the same anatomical rules. The paper concludes that Greek representations of gods or heroes usually present only the best part of those characters, even if sometimes placed in human positions, with weaknesses, adversities and frustrations.
From the Paper "In Greek mythology Aphrodite was the goddess of love, lust, beauty and femininity. Although modern culture often refers to her as 'the goddess of love' it is important to state that ancient Greek conception of love was different from our days. The spiritual, romantic meaning of love, given by Christianity, is not what her power refers to. She is the goddess of sexual love."
Abstract This paper looks at the rigorous training that male and female soldiers go through, and the affect it has on their bodies. The different types of injuries are presented, and then reviewed and analyzed. The author presents solutions to some of the more common types of injuries, and suggests ways to avoid these types of injuries in the future.
From the paper:
"Based on research, the clear anatomical differences, i.e. height, weight, and build between males and females lead to problems concerning uniformity that is stressed in the military. For instance, the 30-inch step prescribed by the military in marching is a prime example. Marching is based on male height and average 30-inch step, but for a woman's shorter height and leg length, it is an over exaggerated step. For a woman to accomplish a greater push off is necessary, as well as a harder heel strike. Furthermore, the uniformity of equipment poses a problem for female soldiers. For instance, ?Women's boots use the same last as men's boots and are less likely to provide good heel stability for women."
Abstract An examination of the evolution of man from the earliest Australopithecus through to the three branches of the "family tree" to the dead end species of neanderthalensis and finally to modern homo sapiens. Anatomically modern man did not just spring up from nowhere, he comes from a long line of hominids that extends back many millions of years. The author discusses evidence such as tool types including social structures and the development of language.
From the Paper "Other diverse aspects that mark differences between the Australopithecines and Homo habilis are possible social organizations and the aspect of communication through language, however these diverse changes were still beginning and therefore were not as organized or developed as compared to those of Homo sapiens.
The Homo Erectus followed the Handy man it can be seen by the later too types and development of this hominid that new ideas and understandings were being developed which leads archaeologists to realise that as with the evolutionary changes to physiology and skeletal frames the brain case was changing and developing the human mind."
From the Paper "Punting a football is an action designed to provide impetus to an external object. Movements of this type culminate in brief contact with an object (moving or still) by a moving body part. In such actions the "imparting of force" is the principal aim and the skills involve applying the force to the correct point, and with appropriate amounts of force, to achieve the desired distance and direction (Wells & Luttgens, 1976, p. 466). The motion involved in kicking the ball is angular in nature as the lower leg engages in rotating about an axis in the knee joint and the thigh moves in a rotatory motion about the hip joint.
The series of movements involved in punting include the flexion of the hip with explosive extension of the knee and plantar flexion of the ankle at the kicking point. The sole base of support from which the kick is launched is the standing ..."
A neurobiological essay focusing on the biogenic amine reward pathways and biogenic amines, namely those of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Abstract The paper looks at the anatomical origins of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline and their associated pathways, as well as the basic anatomy of the limbic system and its associated structures. The essay then goes on to explain that our brain is structured such that certain environmental stimuli can cause us to have positive or negative reinforcing experiences based on how our neurochemicals react in response to the situation. The reward pathways in our brain help to determine much of our everyday behaviour, whether it may be the urge to eat, the drive to have sex or the addiction associated with mind-altering drugs. As such, we must receive appropriate stimulation and positive reward in order to function as individuals and be happy, or we are at risk of a reward deficiency resulting in negative emotions such as sadness or depression. There is also a discussion of how addictive behavior can be due to positive reward systems which have a very strong influence on the way we act.
From the Paper "Happiness and sadness are two primary human emotions, and whilst more often than not caused as a result of external stimuli, they are largely determined by neurobiological processes that occur in the brain ? namely that of biogenic amine reward pathways. We have to stimulate these pathways adequately every day if we are to function well mentally, physically and emotionally. The experience of emotion is integral to who we are as humans. Darwin (1872 in Ekman, 1973) defined emotion as essential to the welfare of group-living species. Without emotion, we would be unable to be attracted to one another, reproduce, or interact socially, amongst other things. Emotions also have distinct motivational properties (Izard, 1971) and understandably, the reward system and its close association with pleasure plays a large part in determining our actions. "Pleasure is unquestionably a key factor in controlling the motivated behaviours of humans." (Kandel et. al., 2000 p.1007) Emotions are known to lead to specific behavioural patterns that determine the way in which we live our lives and influence the experience of consequent emotions, for example, happiness or sadness."
A genetic, biochemical and anatomic research into psychological problems. Includes neurotransmitters, schizophrenia, depression and medical intervention.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, 1994, $ 71.95
From the Paper "Mental Disorders: A Medical Problem?
In recent decades, medical research has begun to delineate some of the physiological phenomena associated with the various mental disorders. Genetic, biochemical, and anatomic investigations increasingly indicate that psychiatric disease is a medical problem resulting through physiologic mechanisms. Of the different processes that could be involved, neurotransmitter imbalances have received considerable scrutiny. Altered levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin may be responsible for such diseases as schizophrenia and depression. This obviously emphasizes medical treatments as the most appropriate therapy for these disorders. Regardless though, psychiatric health care providers continue to widely utilize psychological interventions. One such treatment, dynamic psychotherapy, dates back to the..."
From the Paper "The Blood-Brain Barrier
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) principally consists of the interface between the blood and the brain's extracellular fluid. Evidence for such a barrier was first observed over 100 years ago. As with other physiologic phenomena, the BBB's structure and function are intimately related. The different anatomic features of the barrier give rise to its selective permeability. In the normal state, this "modified tight epithelium" provides an element of control over the brain's ambient environment. Furthermore, blood-brain barrier dysfunction may be an important etiological factor in a number of neurologic diseases.
Perhaps the first scientific researcher to document the occurrence of a blood-brain barrier was Paul Ehrlich (1885, 1906) (10:1). He observed that intravenous injection of water-soluble..."
From the Paper "Punting A Football: The Anatomy and Physiology
Complex physical endeavors generally require the coordinated functioning of numerous organs and organ systems. Punting a football, for example, involves the body's special sensory apparatus and nervous system. Through the appropriate neuronal stimuli, an athlete's respiration and heart rate may be elevated. Such adjustments provide for the increased metabolic requirements associated with exertion. Only when these physiologic needs are met, can the athlete perform optimally.
A punter about to kick a football would obviously hear the roar of the crowd. The process of hearing requires several different anatomic structures. These include the external, middle, and inner ear structures. The external ear consists of a flap of elastic cartilage known as the auricle, the external ..."
Abstract Examines the learning disorder and language-impaired children. Describes dyslexia; its symptoms. Academic performance & learning problems of dyslexic children. Learning disorders causes by neurological abnormalities. Anatomical differerences in the brain of dyslexics. Effect on motor production skills. Possible role of genetics. Treatment of dyslexia; adaptive training exercises; special programs.
From the Paper "Dyslexia is a learning disorder in which children have difficulty recognizing and interpreting words (Ford-Martin, 1999). They are unable to recognize and decode the sounds and syllables, i.e. the phonetic structure, of written words and language, and this lowers their accuracy in reading. Many children with dyslexia are gifted and very productive: there is no link at all between dyslexia and low intelligence (Turkington (1999). A study by Curtiss, Katz and Tallal (1992) showed that in terms of language acquisition, language-impaired children were markedly similar to language-matched normal children. The National Institute of health estimates that about 15 percent of the U. S. population is affected by learning disabilities, and most of these have problems with language and reading.
The symptoms of dyslexia, like any learning disorder, are..."
