Abstract This paper reports the findings of an investigation into the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) in the management of biliary complications, which occur among patients who had undergone cadaveric liver transplantation. The author describe the the biliary system and the factors causing biliary complications. The paper concludes that ERCP is an effective treatment modality to manage biliary leaks and anastomoticstrictures. However, the effectiveness of ERCP relies on the earliest diagnosis and the nature of leaks and strictures. The author indicates the need to standardize these complications using ERCP treatments requires more randomized studies, as findings still remain controversial.
Table of Contents:
Factors Causing Biliary Complications
Diagnosis of Biliary Complications
Biliary Strictures Biliary Leaks
Conclusion
From the Paper "Late appearing strictures result from vascular insufficiency and problems from healing and fibrosis. They may develop several months to years after grafting. In the study, the mean time of diagnosis was 153 days, and the duration of time it took to diagnose ranged from 13 to 824 days. Fifty-six percent of those with biliary strictures were detected within the first three months, 30.4% between three months to a year, and 13% thereafter. Therefore, majority of the diagnosed strictures were early strictures which may have resulted from technical errors."
Tags: reconstruction leaks, anastomoticstrictures, response rate, early detection
A paper which shows the results of an experiment measuring the production, circulation, and reuptake of endogenously produced Nitric Oxide in the human upper airway.
3,910 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, 2001, $ 106.95
Abstract It was hypothesized that if nitric oxide (NO) was involved in the temperature and humidity conditioning of nasal air, then its release from the nasal passages into the lumen of the upper respiratory airway should vary between inhalation and exhalation. The author of this paper further hypothesized that nasal nitric oxide release varies during wakefulness and sleep, being decreased at night due to both a reduction in nitric oxide release into the nasal passages and increased uptake of NO by the lower respiratory tract. The paper shows that through human testing and modeling, the release of NO was shown to be greater upon inhalation than exhalation. It discusses that since this is contrary to passive physics there must be an active mechanism behind this process which preserves nasal patency and conditions nasal air.
From the Paper "Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous compound with important functions in the immune, nervous, and cardiopulmonary systems. In the respiratory tract it plays a role in ciliary beat frequency, mucus secretion, bronchodilation and vasodilation(1). Endogenously produced nitric oxide has been found in the exhaled air of humans and the majority of exhaled NO originates in the nasal passages(2). As a nonpolar molecule, it has a low solubility in comparison to other gases. Its Henry's Law constant koH (mol/kg*bar) is reported to be 0.0019 by Lide and Frederikse(3). This low solubility in combination with a concentration gradient drives the NO out of the nasal mucosa and into the airway. "
Abstract The paper discusses the strengths of Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing. It then summarizes the book and discusses the characters. It analyzes the relationships and interactions between the characters and shows how, in the end, unlike Hester and Arthur, Pearl is redeemed.
From the Paper "This child in the water, we realize, is in many ways the Pearl that Hester dreamed of when she named this child after the jewel of purity. She can be found in the water where true pearls are indeed found. This child too stretches out her hand toward her mother, but we imagine that the gesture in this case is not one of censure but recognition and connection. This small child stamping her foot is not some terrible, perhaps even demonic force, but merely a child misbehaving, as small children do."
A comparative analysis of the marriage patterns among the Yanomamo of South America, the San people of the Kalahari, the Sherpas of Nepal and the residents of the sidewalks of New York City.
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the marriage patterns and ceremonies among four very different societies ? the Yanomamo of South America, the San people of the Kalahari, the Sherpas of Nepal and the residents of the sidewalks of New York City. It examines the traditions of each society in turn from how the strictures prohibit marriage among parallel cousins because Yanomami descent is traced patrilineally to polygamy amongst the Sherpas. It show how in an age where globalization is suspect, the similarity in rules governing who to marry, the role of women in the rituals of dating and marriage and the "ownership" of women by their husband's family all show how few concepts in the world remain as truly global as patriarchy.
From the Paper "Like the Yanomamos, the Sherpas of Nepal have exogamic restrictions governing marriage. Ethnographer Sherry Ortner identifies 18 distinct clans among the Sherpas. Clan identity is inherited from the father and there are strict rules against marrying within the same clan. Unlike the small communal society of the Yanomamo, the Sherpas are divided into different castes. Traditional marriages arranged by parents are still the norm. However, Sherpa life moved away from agriculture as "most Himalayan expeditions throughout the twentieth century have relied on people called Sherpas for general portering, skilled high-altitude portering, and all-around expedition support" (Ortner). The consent of marriage partners became more important and there are also increasing instances of Sherpas marrying Nepalis from outside the Sherpa community."
Abstract Examines behavior of female characters, all named Nora, in diffeent plays. Conflict between their psychology & personality and the demands & strictures of their society. Plays discussed are Isben's A DOLL'S HOUSE, Sean O'Casey's THE PLOUGH AND THE STARS, John Synge's IN THE SHADOW OF THE GLEN & George Bernard Shaw's JOHN BULL'S OTHER IRELAND.
From the Paper "Dramatists often criticize society through the characters and situations they depict on stage. When the playwrights do so, they may approach the subject by looking through the world in which they live to what they believe the world should be. They may be writing at a turning point, an era in which social change is in the offing but which is being resisted by the dominant order. They may merely be commenting on aspects of the human condition, which persist into their age and which they see as detrimental to society. Whatever their particular situation may be, playwrights criticize society by having characters who represent some social class or ideological position and by using symbolism as well as direct statement to make the audience see something they believe to be wrong. The characters are shaped by the society in which they live and then behave in certain..."
Abstract This paper reviews the life and poetry of Lord Byron. Specifically, the paper analyzes the relationship between Byron's literary heroes and his own personality. In his life, as in his work, he carefully constructed his physical and social image as a decadent, handsome poet who chafed against moral and political strictures of his time. This image lasted long after his death. The paper offers examples from his work, including the characters of "Don Juan", the hero in "Manfred". The writer also suggests that many other writers have utilized his ideas and created similar type characters, such as the main male persona in the modern movie "Heathers".
From the Paper "Many years after the poet's demise, the poet was said to have inspired and certainly contributed to the popularity of Mr. Rochester of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Heathcliff of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights in fiction. The ideal of the Byronic hero took on a cultural life of its own, independent of the life of the poet and his poetry. Lord Byron's constructed image lives on in literature, film, and fiction today. The Byronic hero is usually portrayed as a man who is tormented by society's hypocrisies and social mores, and engages in practices that flout these norms."
Abstract This paper seeks to enlist some of the major issues regarding alcohol consumption and suggest broad guidelines for containing the malaise.
The writer believes that stronger action against the ills of alcohol is needed and that one of the most effective actions would be to label, treat, and consider the very act of alcohol consumption as an illness that needs to be cured.
Contents:
Introduction
Why do People Consume Alcohol?
Cigarette ? The Other Alcohol
Social Strictures on Drinkers
Alcohol consumption is costing us a lot
Hepatitis, Cancer, Impotence, Obesity ? Which do you prefer?
Children Take to Alcohol Because We Make Them
Policies on Alcohol Consumption
Conclusion
From the Paper "Alcohol consumption is a financial hazard at all levels. It financially hurts the individual, the family, the community, the country and the world at large. I think that though there are many fragmented pieces of information available, there is no holistic study. We need to measure the true financial impact of alcoholism and convey it to people using measures and examples that they understand."
Abstract This paper explains that the Baroque period for Dutch Catholics was different than the rest of Europe because the country was governed by different religious strictures and political realities. Rembrandt worked under these restrictions. The author points out that the original Bible story differs from what Rembrandt painted. The paper concludes that, in this Rembrandt painting, the power of the event taking place is emphasized by the form of the image, the color values used, the stance of each person in the picture, the expressions on the faces of each person, the balance of light and dark, and every other element incorporated into the painting.
From the Paper "While religiously themed paintings and etchings were common in the Seventeenth Century, this was not necessarily the case in Holland at the time. Rembrandt often treated the stories and parables of the Old and New Testaments in accessible, familiar images in his works. However, the Dutch Reformed Calvinism of his time banned religious art in churches, and this carried over into the non-Church world so that public commissions for paintings of biblical subjects were virtually nonexistent. There was, however, an enthusiastic private patronage for such works, and this accounts for the preponderance of religious subjects in Rembrandt's work."
Abstract This paper explains that despite the Koran's strictures against sumptuousness and grandeur, the mosques are built with opulence and splendor. The author points out that early Islamic art offers a striking contrast to Christian art and architecture by the avoidance of religious symbolism found in Christian churches and art. The paper relates an additional feature of the Great Mosque at Samarra: the ziyadas, an outer enclosure or extension common to early Islamic mosques which surrounds the structure on the north, east and west sides but not on the qiblah wall (the wall in the direction of Mecca which Muslims face in prayer).
From the Paper "On the north side of the Great Mosque stands a single, large minaret, a lofty tower surrounded by one or more projecting balconies from which the summons to prayer is cried by the muezzin. Yet with this particular minaret, the builders decided to shape it in the form of a ziggurat, a stepped, truncated pyramid based on Assyrian architecture reminiscent of ancient Mesopotamia. But the minaret at Samarra was most probably inspired by a certain kind of spiral tower of unknown purpose found in Sassanid, a dynasty of the Persian kings of the third to the seventh centuries in present-day Iran."
Abstract This paper looks at how Michelle Cliff's "No Telephone to Heaven" takes the truism that human beings tend to seek or derive a sense of identity from family, race, peer group recognition, nationality, and the social strictures of the world at large and applies it to the struggle of a young Jamaican woman, Clare Savage. It discusses how, by virtue of her skin color, education and experience of living in the United States and England, she is caught between three different worlds as she searches for her sense of identity. It shows how, ultimately, the novel's main message is to demonstrate that, though nationality, race, family, sex, social class and education are strong influencing factors on an individual's identity, a true sense of self and identity can only really be formed through a process of self-discovery and development achieved through gaining knowledge and acceptance of the truth.
From the Paper "Michelle Cliff uses Clare's search for her identity to trace parallels to Jamaica's search for its own identity and to comment on the effects of colonization on the colonized. For one, the difference created between "black Jamaica" and ?white Jamaica,? is in itself a deterrent to any forming of a national identity. It is here that interesting parallels can be drawn between Clare and the island itself. Clare is motherless and infertile. So is Jamaica. Jamaica does not have a mother (England is too different) and cannot be a mother itself as it is so torn within itself with too many different influences preventing the formation of a concrete national identity (Western Michigan University Web site)."
Looks at Jane Austen's portrayal of the character, George Knightley, in the novel, "Emma", as a person who understands and accommodates the changing roles of women in society.
Abstract This paper focuses on how Austen uses the figure of George Knightley to propose a new English gentleman ideal to criticize the strictures regarding the role of women and the skewed relationship between the sexes. In the first part, this paper looks at the social world of England in the early 19th century in which Austen lived. It then compares the reality of these conditions with the seemingly idyllic settings Austen portrayed in novels like Emma. The second part of the paper then examines Austen's redefinitions of the ideal English gentleman, as embodied by Mr. Knightley. Despite the expected happy ending, this paper argues that Austen presents George Knightley as a gentleman who is both socially upright and an ideal marriage partner for Emma Woodhouse.
From the Paper "The disrepute of the literary novel and Austen's desire for privacy are part of the reason Austen published Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Emma anonymously. Also, while she was clearly critical of the era's impositions on women, Austen decided to write domestic novels rather than the more overt "women's rights" novels penned by Mary Wollstonecraft. In novels like Mary and Maria, Or the Wrongs of Woman, the feminist Wollstonecraft advocated for legalized prostitution, women's financial autonomy and a woman's right to divorce."
Abstract Discusses the use of punishment and strictures on behavior to create mechanical solidarity, the division of labor, and the establishment of a basis for class war, as the cause of organic solidarity. Covers conflict and resistance.
From the Paper "Emile Durkheim followed Auguste Comte in viewing society as a reality in its own right and in identifying patterns to the experiences of individuals which exist independently (Hess, Markson, & Stein, 1989). Durkheim theorized that segmentary societies ..."
Abstract This paper is about the increase in freedom Japanese women experienced during the Meiji and Taisho periods in Japan and the subsequently greater role they had in both the family and the political life of the country. The paper explains how, unwittingly, the Samurai revolution contributed to women's greater liberation and how the combination of increased urbanization along with a higher degree of mobility tended to loosen the traditional strictures on women's physical and social mobility. The paper also points out how the increase in a Japanese middle-class after the Samurai revolution and their corresponding demands for more rights also contributed to greater freedoms for women. The paper makes it clear, however, that the status of Japanese women during this period was never close to being equal to that of Japanese men, but their social and political gains were significant.
From the Paper "The Meiji period, as Gordon outlines in Chapter Five, "The Samurai Revolution", began with a political revolution that returned the country to direct imperial rule under the Emperor Meiji and brought to an end the era of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The emperor took advantage of the restoration of his power to try to push Japan towards the West and to introduce Western concepts of modernization. The effect ? over the period of Meiji rule from 1868?1912 included the rise of a much larger and more powerful middle class in Japan. This came about in no small way because the samurai who lead the restoration understood that their own rising power ? as well as that of the imperial house ? was dependent upon the diminishment of power by the feudal lords."
Tags: role, sex, traditionally, imperial, rule, emperor, tokugawa, shogunate, fuedal, tokyo, edo, shufu
Abstract This paper examines how European and American theatrical dance had always centered on ballet until the early 20th century, when it became fashionable in dance circles to rebel against the strictures of tradition. It looks at how modern dance, which resembles modern art and music in that it is experimental and iconoclastic, developed primarily in the United States and Germany. It discusses how, in the beginning, modern dance was often misunderstood by audiences and how, by the 1950s, modern dance was firmly established in the dance world. It also shows how modern dance is said to be based on the four principles of substance, dynamism, metakinesis, and form, and how, due to the creative efforts of the modern dance pioneers, dancers today use a broader range of techniques, styles, and source materials than ever before.
From the Paper "The first American dancers to break from classical ballet were Isadora Duncan, Loie Fuller, and Ruth St. Denis (Modern pp). Although their styles differed, their unconventional approaches opened the door to a new era in dance history, namely the American modern dance movement of the 1920's (Modern pp). Those involved in this movement based their works on personal experience, using their bodies as instruments to express emotions such as passion, fear, grief or joy (Modern pp). The dancer created form as an outgrowth of his or her own communicative impulses, rather than adhering to the set form and limited range of gestures of ballet (Modern pp)."
Abstract The characters of F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" are largely members of a falsely created American aristocracy. But some of the higher aspirations of this decadent elite for truth, beauty, and, more importantly, a secure sense of home and identity, mirror the far less decadent, but equally passionate desires of the members of the all-female book reading society found in "Reading Lolita in Tehran". This paper shows that Jay Gatsby desired to improve himself by "making himself up" to be worthy of the love of the faithless Daisy Buchanan. He did this through bootlegging, purchasing fine shirts, and securing a home in Great Neck, Long Island. The paper shows that, similarly, through a shift in attire and place, the women of Azar Nafisi's book wished to reinvent themselves by casting off their chadors and the external social and moral strictures that restricted them in their theocratic, Islamic educational framework.
From the Paper "The girls revealed the hidden colors of concealed banned clothing, from under chadors, colorful as Gatsby's fine shirts that he showed to Daisy, concealed in his drawers. ?Recovering himself in a minute, he opened for us two hulking patent cabinets which held his massed suits and dressing-gowns and ties, and his shirts, piled like bricks in stacks a dozen high.? (Fitzgerald 91) Yet like these Iranian women, Jay Gatsby too has a hidden past and life, of his mundane Midwestern beginnings, as well as his criminal past. Gatsby keeps this boring past hidden life, filled with the shame of wealth he has not inherited, concealed under the colors of his shirts, while the women of Tehran keep their colorful plumage and reading a secret under cloaks of blackness that hide their faces and light. But like Gatsby, too, ?it was not until I had reached home that I realized the true meaning of exile,? writes Nafisi. (Nafisi 145)"
