Abstract
This paper reports the findings of an investigation into the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) in the management of biliary complications, which occur among patients who had undergone cadaveric liver transplantation. The author describe the the biliary system and the factors causing biliary complications. The paper concludes that ERCP is an effective treatment modality to manage biliary leaks and anastomotic strictures. However, the effectiveness of ERCP relies on the earliest diagnosis and the nature of leaks and strictures. The author indicates the need to standardize these complications using ERCP treatments requires more randomized studies, as findings still remain controversial.

Table of Contents:
Factors Causing Biliary Complications
Diagnosis of Biliary Complications
Biliary Strictures
Biliary Leaks
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Late appearing strictures result from vascular insufficiency and problems from healing and fibrosis. They may develop several months to years after grafting. In the study, the mean time of diagnosis was 153 days, and the duration of time it took to diagnose ranged from 13 to 824 days. Fifty-six percent of those with biliary strictures were detected within the first three months, 30.4% between three months to a year, and 13% thereafter. Therefore, majority of the diagnosed strictures were early strictures which may have resulted from technical errors."

Tags:reconstruction leaks, anastomotic strictures, response rate, early detection

Abstract
The paper discusses the strengths of Nathaniel Hawthorne's writing. It then summarizes the book and discusses the characters. It analyzes the relationships and interactions between the characters and shows how, in the end, unlike Hester and Arthur, Pearl is redeemed.

From the Paper
"This child in the water, we realize, is in many ways the Pearl that Hester dreamed of when she named this child after the jewel of purity. She can be found in the water where true pearls are indeed found. This child too stretches out her hand toward her mother, but we imagine that the gesture in this case is not one of censure but recognition and connection. This small child stamping her foot is not some terrible, perhaps even demonic force, but merely a child misbehaving, as small children do."

Tags:child, Puritan, society, adultery, relationship

Abstract
This paper explains that despite the Koran's strictures against sumptuousness and grandeur, the mosques are built with opulence and splendor. The author points out that early Islamic art offers a striking contrast to Christian art and architecture by the avoidance of religious symbolism found in Christian churches and art. The paper relates an additional feature of the Great Mosque at Samarra: the ziyadas, an outer enclosure or extension common to early Islamic mosques which surrounds the structure on the north, east and west sides but not on the qiblah wall (the wall in the direction of Mecca which Muslims face in prayer).

From the Paper
"On the north side of the Great Mosque stands a single, large minaret, a lofty tower surrounded by one or more projecting balconies from which the summons to prayer is cried by the muezzin. Yet with this particular minaret, the builders decided to shape it in the form of a ziggurat, a stepped, truncated pyramid based on Assyrian architecture reminiscent of ancient Mesopotamia. But the minaret at Samarra was most probably inspired by a certain kind of spiral tower of unknown purpose found in Sassanid, a dynasty of the Persian kings of the third to the seventh centuries in present-day Iran."

Tags:christian, minaret, ziyadas, qiblah, sun-baked-bricks

Abstract
This paper focuses on how Austen uses the figure of George Knightley to propose a new English gentleman ideal to criticize the strictures regarding the role of women and the skewed relationship between the sexes. In the first part, this paper looks at the social world of England in the early 19th century in which Austen lived. It then compares the reality of these conditions with the seemingly idyllic settings Austen portrayed in novels like Emma. The second part of the paper then examines Austen's redefinitions of the ideal English gentleman, as embodied by Mr. Knightley. Despite the expected happy ending, this paper argues that Austen presents George Knightley as a gentleman who is both socially upright and an ideal marriage partner for Emma Woodhouse.

From the Paper
"The disrepute of the literary novel and Austen's desire for privacy are part of the reason Austen published Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Emma anonymously. Also, while she was clearly critical of the era's impositions on women, Austen decided to write domestic novels rather than the more overt "women's rights" novels penned by Mary Wollstonecraft. In novels like Mary and Maria, Or the Wrongs of Woman, the feminist Wollstonecraft advocated for legalized prostitution, women's financial autonomy and a woman's right to divorce."

Tags:woodhouse, heroine, social, mores, hartfield, spinsterhood, marriage, primogeniture, patriarchy

Abstract
This paper explains that the Baroque period for Dutch Catholics was different than the rest of Europe because the country was governed by different religious strictures and political realities. Rembrandt worked under these restrictions. The author points out that the original Bible story differs from what Rembrandt painted. The paper concludes that, in this Rembrandt painting, the power of the event taking place is emphasized by the form of the image, the color values used, the stance of each person in the picture, the expressions on the faces of each person, the balance of light and dark, and every other element incorporated into the painting.

From the Paper
"While religiously themed paintings and etchings were common in the Seventeenth Century, this was not necessarily the case in Holland at the time. Rembrandt often treated the stories and parables of the Old and New Testaments in accessible, familiar images in his works. However, the Dutch Reformed Calvinism of his time banned religious art in churches, and this carried over into the non-Church world so that public commissions for paintings of biblical subjects were virtually nonexistent. There was, however, an enthusiastic private patronage for such works, and this accounts for the preponderance of religious subjects in Rembrandt's work."

Tags:religion, dutch, baroque, color, light

Abstract
This paper looks at how Michelle Cliff's "No Telephone to Heaven" takes the truism that human beings tend to seek or derive a sense of identity from family, race, peer group recognition, nationality, and the social strictures of the world at large and applies it to the struggle of a young Jamaican woman, Clare Savage. It discusses how, by virtue of her skin color, education and experience of living in the United States and England, she is caught between three different worlds as she searches for her sense of identity. It shows how, ultimately, the novel's main message is to demonstrate that, though nationality, race, family, sex, social class and education are strong influencing factors on an individual's identity, a true sense of self and identity can only really be formed through a process of self-discovery and development achieved through gaining knowledge and acceptance of the truth.

From the Paper
"Michelle Cliff uses Clare's search for her identity to trace parallels to Jamaica's search for its own identity and to comment on the effects of colonization on the colonized. For one, the difference created between "black Jamaica" and "white Jamaica," is in itself a deterrent to any forming of a national identity. It is here that interesting parallels can be drawn between Clare and the island itself. Clare is motherless and infertile. So is Jamaica. Jamaica does not have a mother (England is too different) and cannot be a mother itself as it is so torn within itself with too many different influences preventing the formation of a concrete national identity (Western Michigan University Web site)."

Tags:black, white, jamaica, clare, education

Abstract
This paper reviews the life and poetry of Lord Byron. Specifically, the paper analyzes the relationship between Byron's literary heroes and his own personality. In his life, as in his work, he carefully constructed his physical and social image as a decadent, handsome poet who chafed against moral and political strictures of his time. This image lasted long after his death. The paper offers examples from his work, including the characters of "Don Juan." the hero in "Manfred." The writer also suggests that many other writers have utilized his ideas and created similar type characters, such as the main male persona in the modern movie "Heathers."

From the Paper
"Many years after the poet's demise, the poet was said to have inspired and certainly contributed to the popularity of Mr. Rochester of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Heathcliff of Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights in fiction. The ideal of the Byronic hero took on a cultural life of its own, independent of the life of the poet and his poetry. Lord Byron's constructed image lives on in literature, film, and fiction today. The Byronic hero is usually portrayed as a man who is tormented by society's hypocrisies and social mores, and engages in practices that flout these norms."

Tags:english, literature, don, juan, bronte, manfred, hero

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the marriage patterns and ceremonies among four very different societies the Yanomamo of South America, the San people of the Kalahari, the Sherpas of Nepal and the residents of the sidewalks of New York City. It examines the traditions of each society in turn from how the strictures prohibit marriage among parallel cousins because Yanomami descent is traced patrilineally to polygamy amongst the Sherpas. It show how in an age where globalization is suspect, the similarity in rules governing who to marry, the role of women in the rituals of dating and marriage and the "ownership" of women by their husband's family all show how few concepts in the world remain as truly global as patriarchy.

From the Paper
"Like the Yanomamos, the Sherpas of Nepal have exogamic restrictions governing marriage. Ethnographer Sherry Ortner identifies 18 distinct clans among the Sherpas. Clan identity is inherited from the father and there are strict rules against marrying within the same clan. Unlike the small communal society of the Yanomamo, the Sherpas are divided into different castes. Traditional marriages arranged by parents are still the norm. However, Sherpa life moved away from agriculture as "most Himalayan expeditions throughout the twentieth century have relied on people called Sherpas for general portering, skilled high-altitude portering, and all-around expedition support" (Ortner). The consent of marriage partners became more important and there are also increasing instances of Sherpas marrying Nepalis from outside the Sherpa community."

Tags:polygamy, globalization, women, clan

Abstract
Examines behavior of female characters, all named Nora, in different plays. Conflict between their psychology & personality and the demands & strictures of their society. Plays discussed are Isben's A DOLL'S HOUSE, Sean O'Casey's THE PLOUGH AND THE STARS, John Synge's IN THE SHADOW OF THE GLEN & George Bernard Shaw's JOHN BULL'S OTHER IRELAND.

From the Paper
"Dramatists often criticize society through the characters and situations they depict on stage. When the playwrights do so, they may approach the subject by looking through the world in which they live to what they believe the world should be. They may be writing at a turning point, an era in which social change is in the offing but which is being resisted by the dominant order. They may merely be commenting on aspects of the human condition, which persist into their age and which they see as detrimental to society. Whatever their particular situation may be, playwrights criticize society by having characters who represent some social class or ideological position and by using symbolism as well as direct statement to make the audience see something they believe to be wrong. The characters are shaped by the society in which they live and then behave in certain..."

Abstract
This paper seeks to enlist some of the major issues regarding alcohol consumption and suggest broad guidelines for containing the malaise.
The writer believes that stronger action against the ills of alcohol is needed and that one of the most effective actions would be to label, treat, and consider the very act of alcohol consumption as an illness that needs to be cured.

Contents:
Introduction
Why do People Consume Alcohol?
Cigarette The Other Alcohol
Social Strictures on Drinkers
Alcohol consumption is costing us a lot
Hepatitis, Cancer, Impotence, Obesity Which do you prefer?
Children Take to Alcohol Because We Make Them
Policies on Alcohol Consumption
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Alcohol consumption is a financial hazard at all levels. It financially hurts the individual, the family, the community, the country and the world at large. I think that though there are many fragmented pieces of information available, there is no holistic study. We need to measure the true financial impact of alcoholism and convey it to people using measures and examples that they understand."

Tags:drug, abuse, family, parenting, social, anonymous, alcoholic