Abstract
The Eleventh Century was the end of one millennium and the beginning of a new one. In many ways, it was a period in which humanity emerged from the Dark Ages that had prevailed throughout Europe through much of the first millennium A.D. even as the Roman Empire changed to the Byzantine empire and others.

From the Paper
"The Eleventh Century was the end of one millennium and the beginning of a new one. In many ways, it was a period in which humanity emerged from the Dark Ages that had prevailed throughout Europe through much of the first millennium A.D. even as the Roman Empire changed to the Byzantine empire and others. We call this the Dark Ages today because its history is somewhat obscure and because much of classical learning was temporarily lost. In the Eleventh Century, certain changes came about showing a new relationship between government and governed after the Battle of Hastings and the creation of the Magna Carta in England. In other parts of the world, other civilizations were either winding down are beginning to flower, depending on history and circumstances. It is these other parts of the world where much of my own interest lies, given that we are only beginning to under ..."

From the Paper
"Evidence for the practice of cannibalism by the Anasazi people of the American Southwest has been growing during the last three decades. As archaeologists have excavated new sites and re-examined findings from previously explored locations, the taphonomic and forensic analysis of human skeletal remains has led to a hypothesis of cannibalism at as many as 28 Anasazi sites. Though the first suggestion of cannibalism was made in 1902, the absence of any sign of such a practice in the ethnographic literature may have mitigated against thorough investigation of the notion. But with the systematic application of the methods of physical anthropology archaeologists have steadily produced a body of cases in which cannibalism seems the most likely explanation of anomalous states and dispositions of human remains. The reasons behind the practice--whether it was.."

From the Paper
Anasazi is one of the most important early cultures in North America and left a legacy for many of the tribes of the Southwest, including the Pueblo Indians of today. The Anasazi developed a widespread culture with roads, commerce, trade, and a number of industries.

The Anasazi culture was the social order of the people who occupied the Four Corners area of the American southwest during the area between approximately 200 B.C. and 1300 A.D. These people were designated the Anasazi by archaeologist Alfred V. Kidder in 1936, a word taken from the Navajo language. it is taken to mean "the old ones" or "the ancient ones" and is clearly not the term these people used for themselves. A more recent interpretation of the word is that it means "enemy ancestors," a reasonable point of view given the cultural aversion of the..."

Tags:Indian

Abstract
A thriving and well-developed civilization appeared around the Chaco Canyon some time after 1 AD and went on to become one of the most representative in the area until its decline in the 14th century. This paper looks at how a well-planned network of roads encouraged trade with other local communities and those as far south as Mexico and the Toltec civilization, while the Anasazi locally manufactured pottery, jewelry, and magnificent buildings, which can still be admired today.

From the Paper
"The archeological evidence discovered in the area proves that the Anasazi first moved into the area and into the southern Colorado Plateau some time at the beginning of the 1st millennium, that is, around 1 AD. The local population of the time became a "settled, agricultural people who have valued land and water above all else" . This gives us some clues about the later disappearance of the population.
The earliest Anasazi population occupied an area that had been previously abandoned by Archaic Indian populations. Settled in the area, the Anasazi civilization entered in the so-called Basketmaker phase, a simple, self-sufficient society. Later on, around the year 500 AD, the Anasazi began to introduce and develop their famous pottery, began using the bow and arrow, build pit dwellings and began to cultivate a larger variety of crops, more nutritious, including beans among others."

Tags:anasazi, mexico, toltec

Abstract
The paper examines "Technology, Trauma and the Wild" by Chellis Glendinning and "The Ancient Ones," a chapter about the Anasazi in Jared Diamond's book "Collapse", which both attempt to show how humans are reactive rather than proactive. The paper first explains that an advanced culture as the Anasazi collapsed because they did not learn from their past experiences. The paper then discusses Diamond's look at the environmental problem of today and Glendinning's view of technology addicts. Additionally, the paper explains Diamond's idea that people find it difficult to stop their use of damaging activities that they have become used to and looks at how Glendinning describes the disassociate behavior that occurs when people cannot get what they feel they must have.

From the Paper
"Why did such an advanced culture as the Anasazi collapse? According to Diamond, agriculture was such an integral aspect of this society that when the crops began to fail and finally the drought came in, they were unable to adapt. This same question is relevant today. Humans in most nations of the world are highly reliant on technology, or even addicted to it as Glendinning details, because of its benefits in health, mental and physical well being and entertainment/social life. Yet, as it is becoming increasingly known, this same technology is causing such problems as deforestation, tropical rainforests destruction, over-fishing, soil erosion and salinization, global warming, depletion of fresh water supply, energy exhaustion, toxics in air, water and soil and overpopulation. On top of this, according to Glendinning, other aspects in our society such as child abuse can also be seen as indicative of this technology addiction, as well as a possibility of beginning to disassociate if major changes occur."

Tags:environment, society, disassociate, behavior

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado. The paper explains that the park was built to preserve the cliff dwellings of the Anasazi people and that it is of historical and archaeological significance to visitors and scientists alike.

Tags:Mesa Verde, national park, Native Americans, Anasazi

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Hopi and Zuni tribes both originate from the Anasazi tribe, an enormous and sophisticated ancient tribe which owned much of New Mexico, to Southern Nevada, and Colorado. The writer compares and contrasts the lives and cultures of these two tribes, both descendants of the Anasazi, who have developed in separate directions. The writer looks at aspects of the history, religion, kinship ties, and political organization of both the Hopi and Zuni tribes. The writer concludes that these cultural aspects are of interest to both the anthropologist, and the sociologist, as they may provide keys to the practices, beliefs and the social practices of the Anasazi tribes.

Outline:
History
Beliefs/Practices
Kinship
Political Organization
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The Zuni have remained isolated from European traditions, and so their ceremonies are of two kinds; a impersonation of the Ancestral gods called Kachinas, which is a male preserve, and a shamanistic cult which displays both prayers and fetishes, religious tokens, but also a performance of shamanistic magical ceremonies. Women are associated with the shamanistic side, and employ herbs to hinder conception, and perform abortions. Like other shamanistic tribes across the globe, the Zuni believe that lakes and other places are inhabited by spirits and deities. While the Hopi are what is perceived as a traditional Indian spiritual tribe, the Zuni have more in common with South American Shamanistic practice."

Tags:tribe, lands, heritage, beliefs, practices

Abstract
This paper examines the relationships between archaeologists and the descendants of those they study, particularly in the North American southwest desert. The paper specifically looks at the Anasazi and their Hopi and Zuni descendants and the differences between the archaeologists' interpretation of history and that of the native people. The paper also looks at the role of Pan-Indian identity and ethnicity.

Tags:southwest, archaeology, identity

Abstract
The paper describes how the book "Navajo" by James F. Downs offers a history of the Navajo nation and considers many aspects of the Navajo culture and social order. The paper relates that the book gives much attention to the society the Navajo had when the first Europeans arrived in North America and to the complexities of the Navajo civilization. The paper discusses how Downs notes the forces that have brought change even as Navajo culture itself persists in some communities. The paper concludes that this book is a good introduction to the Navajo people and their traditions.

From the Paper
"Downs first considers the development of the Navajo as a separate entity, beginning however with the original Nadene people from Siberia from which all the rest of the Native American population would spring. What is known of the Nadene people shows that they probably brought "the hard-soled moccasin and the strong, complex bow" (Downs 6). These people divided over time into various groups from Alaska down the coast into the rest of North America. One such groups was the Athapaskans, hunters rather than gatherers, and they entered the Southwest, formed different groups with different languages and styles of life, and interacted in some way with the Pueblo people of the Southwest, in time becoming known by a new name, the Apache. Around the start of the seventeenth century, the Apaches were a wild, hunting people, while the Navajo Apaches were the "apaches of the big fields" (Downs 10)."

Tags:culture, civilization, Anasazi, Apache, Nadene, lifestyle

Abstract
This paper discusses different cultural and traditional aspects of four periods of the Hohokam history known as the pioneer, colonial, sedentary, and classic periods. The paper explores the architecture of these cultures, their art, the agricultural, hunting and gathering aspects, their clothing and pottery aspects, as well as their ceremonial and religious practices.

From the Paper
"The name Hohokam is synonymous with "the ancients" (Kroeber, 1962). The tribe were neighbors to the Anasazi, somewhat similar to Pueblo cultures (Kroeber, 1962), and though to have migrated from various regions in Mexico to Arizona and the surrounding area (Gregoris, 1997). Many often compare the Hohokam with the Anasazi, who built very similar dwellings and lived similar lifestyles. The Hohokam distinguish themselves somewhat however by building largely segregated dwellings on posts and reeds, with habitats typically more arid in nature requiring the digging of irrigated canals and ditches (Kroeber, 1962)."

Tags:anasazi, mogollon, patayan, sonoran, desert, arizaona, basin, range, cremation, burial