Abstract
According to Jonathan Barnes, Aristotle's political philosophy runs rife with totalitarian principles. Not so, replies David Keyt, since Aristotle, perhaps never recognizing it himself, approached his political philosophy from a fundamentally anarchistic base. Was Aristotle essentially a totalitarian or an anarchist? This paper attempts to answer that question. First, it interprets Barnes' argument as presented in his 1990 essay "Aristotle and Political Liberty." It then moves onto an exposition of David Keyt's position as put forward in his 1993 paper "Aristotle and Anarchism." Thereafter, the paper returns to Barnes' essay and examines each numbered point. By combining his own arguments with Keyt's insights, the author of the paper refutes Barnes' position.

From the Paper
"This contention against slavery, Keyt suggests, "contains the seeds of philosophical anarchism," since its conclusion infers about slavery that no difference exists by nature between master and slave, and the rule of master over slave depends on force. The same can apply in the political arena: no difference exists by nature between ruler and subject, and political rule depends on force. Hence, "a wholesale challenge of political authority is but a short step from the wholesale challenge of slavery" (138). The main idea behind philosophical anarchism is that coercion is unjust, and "the rejection of political authority ... is not a first principle of the theory (of anarchism) but a corollary of its view about coercion and force" (138)."

Tags:eudaimonia, apolis, simpliciter

Abstract
This paper examines how throughout her career, Ursula LeGuin was a participant in both the anarchist and feminist movements and represented the views of both in her writings. In particular, the paper looks at how Leguin's novels depict microcosms in which anarchy and feminism thrive and how her characters espouse views of the anarchists and feminists of today.

From the Paper
"Anarchy, a movement LeGuin was strongly in favor of, was portrayed both directly and indirectly in a large part of her writing. In many cases, people describe anarchy as a complete lack of order or chaos but, in fact, this is not the way anarchy works at all. The definition of anarchy, which comes from the Greek word for "contrary to authority", is "the theory that formal government of any kind is unnecessary and wrong in principle." In this type of society, it is envisioned that agreements would be arrived at freely through the cooperation of all the individual groups involved, rather than by a forced submission to authoritarian laws as well as a fear of punishment for disobeying these laws. Those attempting to practice these beliefs feel that anarchy is more of a way of life than a political or social movement. "

Tags:Dispossessed, society

Abstract
This paper is about Emma Goldman and her various theories, political, societal and moral. It focuses on her forty years spent as an American, especially the years when she was an active member of the anarchist party. It details her involvement in the assassination of Henry Frick, and her accusal in the assassination of President McKinley. It also discusses how her divergent views involving feminism without suffrage, created isolation among politics that she lived with her entire life. Her involvement in the burgeoning sexual revolution and her persona as a figurehead of the atheists and a violent inciter is also expanded upon.

From the Paper
"Emma Goldman put very little worth upon the idea of government as a protector of the greater society. Emma Goldman rejected the idea that philosophy could ever be political and she spent her time and energy trying to defeat all types of organized government that she so detested. Her radical and uncompromising views on the nature of government left her without a political forum to embrace, and shaped her reaction to and participation in American anarchism."

Tags:anarchism, anarchy, atheism, feminism, incitor, rebellion, suffrage

Abstract
This paper examines the historical origins of terrorism from the 1700s to the present. It discusses various revolutions including the Russian Revolution in order to provide perspective to the origins of terrorism. The paper specifically focuses on the era of the Enlightenment during the French and American Revolutions and describes how during this time extreme violence brought the term terrorism to be defined at another level.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Enlightenment, Revolution, and Terrorism
Class Revolution and Changing Meanings
Terrorism and the Role of Anarchists
Terrorism and the Russian Revolution
Old and New Terrorism
Summary

From the Paper
"The source of the terrorism the world knows today is from the era of the Enlightenment. When citizens fought for more rights against the ruling classes various forms of violence arose. Revolutions brought different types of terrorists from moderates to anarchists. The Russian revolution gave examples of revolutionaries rising to become terrorist leaders of the country. Today, the revolutions are not as dramatic; however, the terrorists have clearly become forces to be reckoned with waiting for opportunities to carry out their work."

Tags:revolution, violence, equality, authority

Abstract
The paper focuses on the evolution of punk and its mutation into the more politically charged anarcho-punk movement and explores the violent side of the extreme left - both as an international force and in particular in Switzerland. The paper then discusses the Bern-based Antifa Switzerland group and explores the motivations of the Black Bloc anarchists. The paper highlights the use of violence in the anti-fascist movement and the connection between today's violent anarcho-punks with the ideals of the original punk movement. Several photographs are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Punk's First Wave
Punk Arrives in Switzerland
Switzerland, Anarcho-Punk, and Post-war Politics in the 21st Century
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The media, however, interpreted the punks' image, music, and reckless behavior as a real threat to the status quo. This culminated in December of 1976 when the Sex Pistols and members of the Bromley Contingent appeared on the Bill Grundy television show in England. At the time of this momentous event, punk was still in its early stages. The public-at-large had little way of knowing about punk at the time. What they saw was a group of extravagantly dressed young people, visibly intoxicated, who took relish in using offensive words and insulting the host of the program in a manner that went way beyond the accepted morals of the time. The Bill Grundy episode would spiral the fledgling youth subculture into the wider cultural spotlight. At that point, punk was no longer a tiny subculture, but a mass media spectacle that would shock the conservative British public and inspire similar-minded youth all over the world."

Tags:punk, anti-fascist, movement, violent

Abstract
This paper first relates that, for thousands of years, although the Chinese Empire set a standard of civilization and innovation that few others cultures have matched, there has always been a struggle between the politics of Empire and the cultural aspects of its people. The paper then examines the language, literature, philosophy, law, religions, inventions, science and ancient political history of China to underscore the diversity of its cultures and clans. The paper concludes that Chinese culture survived despite the Empire and its various rulers, who recognized the average Chinese only as a human tool to be used for their own needs.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Interaction of Various Cultures In China
Literature and Literature/Philosophy
The Law
Religion- Emperors as Divinities
Philosophers versus the Court
Daoist Alternatives
Anarchists
Qin, The 'Anti-Historian
The Failure of Reformers
The Tiers of Society
So Many Diverse Cultures and Clans in China
Inventions and Science
Is There an Antagonistic Position of Culture vs. Empire?

From the Paper
"Considered by many China historians, the name Mencius is second only to Confucius. He did something no philosopher in China had emphasized. He preferred a state of monarchy to the thought of democracy, or "power to the people." Of course, the culture of China in those days was one of reverence by the peasants to the nobility, and the payment of gifts by the nobility to the Emperor to remain nobility. More over, Mencius and his followers infuriated the Emperor because they were avowed pacifists."

Tags:feudalism language women confucius, civil service

Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, who in 1920, were convicted for the murders of a paymaster and his guard during a robbery. On the surface, the trial seems to be straightforward. However, many believe that it represents a major miscarriage of justice in the American judicial system. The paper examines the case, showing that the verdict was unduly affected by the Red Scare, represented a clash between social radicals and conservative reactionaries, and helped lay the foundation for modern ethnic racism in the United States. On April 15, 1920 the paymaster for a shoe factory and his guard were murdered during a robbery of the factory payroll. Three weeks later Sacco--a shoe factory worker--and Vanzetti--a fish peddler--were arrested for the crime. Both were Italian immigrants and anarchists.

Tags:sacco, vanzetti, racism

Abstract
Discusses anti-democratic factors. Democratic ethos. Issue of national self-determination. Fear of imperialist domination by the Central Powers. Policital process; lack of political participation. Impact of European anarchists. Impetus towards war of policy makers. Attack-based war strategy. Democratic sttes resistance to military action. Democratic nation-state equivocation. Power policitcs. Gamesmanship of Britain and Europe.

From the Paper
"One of the most easily made arguments in favor of the view that World War I could have been avoided if all belligerents were democracies is the historical record: It was not, and they were not, and those facts help explain why the war came about. This was a period in which democracy had not exactly won the war of ideas among Europe's rulers or the institutions of European governance. It has also been said that communism, the antidemocratic ideology that supplanted absolute monarchy in Europe where constitutional democracies did not and that survived the Great War for most of the 20th century, nevertheless itself eventually fell to "the superior strength of a rival body of ideas, free-market democracy, which was powerful enough to hold together the 16 countries of the West's alliance through all the ..."

Abstract
The paper documents the student uprisings in 1968, which occurred when student anarchists decided to use Nanterre University facilities to print and distribute political materials. The students in the group were suspended and a demonstration followed. When police became involved in the protest, the students at the University fought back with student campus wide support. In the days that followed the initial protests, students took their rebellion into the streets of Paris where rioting, hundreds of arrests and police action inflamed the situation.

Tags:social, movements, questions

Abstract
This paper discusses Georges Sorel's 1908 "Reflections on Violence" and describes the work as a shocking text to read. The paper discusses the concepts that he advocates of society only being able to change from the outside in-- that marginal persons such as anarchists, trade unionists and workers denied political power must act and energize the laboring classes to overthrow their bourgeois oppressors. The paper discusses the impact of his ideas and the ways that he expresses them in his book.

From the Paper
"The primary reason Sorel uses the radical and mobilizing word of violence in his treatise is because he sees incremental, reformist methods of improving the legal status of the laboring classes, not only as not only minimally effective, but as actually contributing to the authoritarian rule of state that relies upon class inequality to survive. "All the revolutionary disturbances of the nineteenth century ended by strengthening the State," he writes in his introduction. (19) Sorel praises anarchists who taught the workers that they need not be ashamed of acts of violence, and believes violence is not an unfortunate byproduct of oppression but a natural and necessary response on the part of laborers to the inherent inequality of their situation, in a state where factory owners control their destines and lives. (37)"

Tags:anarchy, radical, revolution