Abstract This paper discusses nucleoside analogues as used in chemotherapy and antiviral therapy. The different types of nucleotide analogues are outlined by structure. The transportation of these drugs across the lipid membrane, intracellular metabolism (activation) and mechanism of action are also discussed. The last portion discusses anti-retro viral and chemotherapeutic uses of some agents as outlined above, resistance and counter-resistance factors.
From the Paper "Structure and different groups of nucleoside analogues. Nucleoside analogues are synthetic drugs that mimic certain nucleosides found intracellularly, specifically the cell nucleus and mitochondria. These drugs are mostly used in oncologic therapy as well as antiviral therapy. Their general mechanism of action relies on their ability to insinuate themselves into replicating strands of DNA or transcribed RNA, taking the place of the nucleoside they are derived from. This has the effect of halting DNA or RNA synthesis, halting viral replication and in some cases, triggering apoptosis. In either case, this consequently results in slowing down and stopping tumor cell or viral replication."
Abstract Any discussion of the function of moral rules in a social environment such as that envisioned by Thomas Hobbes in his "Leviathan" (1651) must first define exactly what is meant by the term "moral rules". This is because the society or "commonwealth" that Hobbes employs as his theoretical model has no place for morality or moral rules as they are popularly defined. Rather, as this paper will argue, morality in the commonwealth of Hobbes is a product of self-interested humanity. In such an context, as will be seen, the closest analogue to moral rules would be the "civil laws" of the commonwealth which come into being through the "social contract" agreed to by the constituent members of the commonwealth. Finally, the paper will conclude with an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of Hobbes' ethical theory.
Abstract This paper argues that the author of the ancient text "The Dream of the Rood"'s presentation of the mystery of the Redemption is dependent on his presentation of the symbol of the cross, especially in terms of vocabulary and grammar. It reflects on the idea that the poem is prefigured by the poet's obedience to contemporary theological doctrine i.e. the need to present simultaneously Christ's triumph and suffering. It concludes with the idea that Rood is not constricted to the realms of biblical paraphrase 'in that it is without analogue', meaning that the poem ultimately is forced to develop its own unique (and fully poetic) statement on the mystery of the Redemption.
From the Paper "The Rood poet makes his statement on the "Mystery of the Redemption" in a way that treads the tightrope between Christ's divinity and humanity. The mystery of the Redemption is, thus, a question of Christ's crucifixion; it is dependent on whether one considers the crucifixion to be an example of triumph, or suffering. Anglo-Saxon doctrine recognised a concomitance between divinity and triumph, and humanity and suffering , in terms of Redemption doctrine. The task of instilling such a paradox in a literary figure (in the case of Christ) is, to say the least, hazardous: it requires that Christ is simultaneously human and suffering, and divine and triumphal. The ingenuity of Rood is that the poem uses the symbol of the cross to represent Christ's humanity."
Abstract This paper looks at the new and developing technology used in communication, not just socially but in the world of e-commerce. It examines the current state of technology and the latest developments and then the barriers to implementation of these new technologies. The cost, as in fiscal cost and quality of life, is also considered before looking at the impact of new technologies and communication on commerce.
Outline
Introduction
Current Communications Technology
Mobile and Wireless Technology
Cable Television and Internet
Satellite
Television
Latest Communication Developments
Wireless Local Networks
Broadband
High Definition Television
Social Aspects and Decision Making Issues
Barriers to Implementation
E-Commerce and E-Business
Convergence of Technologies
Bibliography
From the Paper "The increase of communications and its convenience provides much scope for dataveillance. The monitoring and storing of personal data may breach the privacy rights of individuals. However the combining of surveillance sources such as CCTV, bank records, and location tracking using mobile telephone signals bring surveillance to a new level. By pooling together all information sources, information gathered on an individual is so personal and provides such a three-dimensional picture into one's life and habits."
Abstract This paper explains some of the reasoning behind the growth of digital television is that it allows potential access to the Internet, online shopping, and e-mail. The author points out that many people believe mistakenly that digital technology is something very new, but they forget that smaller digital items, such as watches, have been around for quite some time. The paper reports that many individuals in the UK would like to have digital television, but the individuals, who are not interested in the service, are not interested in the additional services, such as the Internet, and are concerned about the cost of television programming and the types of channels and variety of entertainment they would be able to receive for free without having to purchase a subscription.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Theoretical Background
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Review of the Literature
Introduction
Modern European Broadcasting History
Deregulation and its Effects
Pluralism in a Free Market Economy
The Advent of Digital Television Technology in Europe
Industry and Audience Behavior
Viewing Trends
Consumer Expenditure
Plans for Switchover in the UK
Methodology
Discussion of Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper 'This chapter will look at many of the findings from a survey conducted in 2001 which will tie into the information in the literature review and serve to give a complete picture of what is happening with the digital television market and why. The study mentioned in the methodology section in chapter three provided many individuals with a great deal of information. Not only did many of the authors in the literature review either rely on or refer to information that was gained in this study, but the government utilized this study as well so that they could determine the answers to some of the more pressing questions about individual's television preferences and whether they would be willing to switch to digital television without an argument.'
Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to analyze different aspects of Pulse Code Modulation including sampling theory, aliasing, quantizing and effect of non-uniform quantization. Each part of the paper begins with the theoretical analysis; then the simulation results are presented. Finally the practical measurement results are demonstrated and discussed. For better analysis and subjective evaluation of quantization process, a Java-MATLAB application is developed (the source codes are included). Finally in the conclusion, the main points of each part are summarized.
Outline
Introduction
Pulse Modulations
Pulse Code Modulation
Sampling
Nyquist Sampling Theorem and the Aliasing Distortion
Zero Order Hold (ZOH)
Effect of Output Pulse Width
Aliasing Distortion
Variation of the Output Filter Bandwidth
Quantization
PCM Quantization Analysis: Java-MATLAB Software Application
Peak clipping
Quantization Distortion
Spectrum of Quantization Noise
Non-Uniform Quantization
The i law
Quantization Distortion for a Companded System
Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Java Software Source code
From the Paper "Sampling is the first step in any pulse modulation system. In fact by sampling, a signal is represented by set of discrete samples. If the frequency of the sampling is high enough, the original signal can be recovered from the samples. This concept will be examined with more details later. From the mathematical point of view, the sampling process can be considered as the multiplication of the message signal by a train of Dirac impulses. "
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that today's society has a compulsion to transform the material world into the digital. The writer points out that there is a need, clearly prominent in the modern world, to take what exists now and restructure it into a digital form. For instance, the conversions of a teacher, chalk and blackboard to the materials displayed on a computer screen and the alteration of vinyl analogue music to the creation of the digital compact disc. The writer maintains that now, and perhaps most profoundly, society has begun to convert part of itself into a digital format through the development of virtual communities. The writer concludes that within the hope and optimism for virtual communities, there is a profusion of challenges and issues that they must face to succeed.
From the Paper "Through the reading of studies relating to the topic, ones that were credible studies and of a qualitative nature, the extent to which the problems that virtual communities face was determined. Academic journals, online magazines and online blog columns all of a credible and relevant nature, were each used and contributed significantly to the conclusions made."
"The use of appropriately selected theory from several theorists provided the foundations from which to grasp the topic. These several theories were compared and contrasted to define what the fundamental conclusions were. The further research carried out by examining scholarly journals and other types, provided several stances on virtual communities, stances that were also compared and contrasted to determine the underlying conclusions in the studies."
An analysis of the history of digital photography and a comparison of its results with those of analog cameras, focusing on black and white developments.
Abstract This paper argues that digital cameras are better than analogue cameras. Specifically, the paper looks briefly at the history of digital photography, at its utility in matters such as record-keeping and crime-fighting and at some noteworthy instances of digital photography producing impressive and compelling works. Finally, the paper looks at all of the various reasons why it may be said that digital black and white photography is better than analog black and white photography.
From the Paper "More than that, the technology that makes digital black and white photographs possible always runs the risk of becoming obsolete. For instance, the old Epson 2200, 7600, 9600 printers have been pushed aside by Epson Stylus Pro 4800, by the Epson Stylus Pro 7800, and by the Epson Stylus Pro 9800 (FLAAR Network, para.8); simply put, unlike the fairly low-maintenance prints rendered by analog cameras, the "splashy" digital B&W prints of today place photography enthusiasts in the uncomfortable position of seeking out new technological tools that have a (quite literally) a built-in obsolescence factor. Be that as it may, though, most photographers will gladly accept this trade-off if it means the chance to be more creative."
