Abstract This paper examines the positive benefits to be derived from a phone company switching from analog technology to digital technology - especially in its central offices. The paper reviews the financial gains to be made as well as the customer service benefits and suggests that companies not already on the digital bandwagon had best do so in the near future.
From the Paper "The benefits of digital telephone technology versus analog telephone technology are not necessarily obvious, but they are present and they deserve exposition. The following paper will examine the benefits that would accrue to a telephone company if it were to switch from analog technology in its central offices to digital technology. More specifically, the paper will examine the financial benefits and the customer service benefits to be derived insofar as benefits in these areas are benefits that will most impact the future success and prosperity of any telephone company. Among other things, the following paper will look closely at the technological innovations of the new digital technology. "
Presents a research project designed to develop synthetic analogs of erythropoietin, a protein hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, 2006, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper reports on experiments addressing the issue of developing synthetic analogs of erythropoietin, a protein hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells. The hormone is given to patients suffering from kidney failure when they develop anemia, which occurs primarily because their production of erythropoietin is abnormally low. The company has produced an analog that stimulates red blood cell production and so mimics the action of erythropoietin. The analog has been derived from bone marrow cells in culture. The product may be called Redgen. The current research is a test on Redgen to characterize its activity and signaling pathway.
Abstract This paper describes Plato's presentation of the kind knowledge that is necessary for a philosopher king. This paper states that the Cave Analogy is used to compare the effect and the lack of knowledge on human nature and the responsibility, which accompanies education. The author feels that there is a distinct parallel between Plato's Cave Analogy and the modern world particularly the many individuals who live in poverty and ignorance and the subjugation of women in certain countries.
From the Paper "Plato describes the cave as an underground dwelling with an entrance up at a distance. The men that live there are chained. They can only see in front of them. (They represent the uneducated). A fire that provides them light, but it is above and behind them. Between the light and them is a path that has a low wall alongside it. Men carry all sorts of things along the wall. But, the chained men only see the shadows casted by the fire and believe the shadows to be the real objects. (This is the world of shadows)."
Tags: king, knowledge, human, responsibility, modern, poverty, a, ignorance, subjugation, women
Abstract This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of analog vs. digital recording formats from the standpoint of listening, accessing and storing music. The author evaluates the sound quality of each format. The paper concludes that digital is a better all-around format.
From the Paper "Before digital-format music CDs came out in the seventies, music was often recorded in analog format on phonograph records or tape cassettes. Analog and digital solutions work quite differently though and yield different results even when they ..."
Abstract This paper aims to draw an analogy between the spirituality of religious sacrificial practices in Hinduism and Christianity, showing how both have developed to connote the same spiritual significance today. It looks at how 'Yajetwa' in Hinduism and 'Sacrifice' in Christianity are incorporated into a believers' life in diverse manners and how the Vedic 'Sesa-Sesi' relationship connects them both with a perfect spiritual bond.
Outline
Biblical Theology
Hindu Theology
Analogy Conclusion
From the Paper "The 'Ramanuja' theology took precedence after a slight change in the political-religious structure of the palace and temple and with Visnu and Siva rising as personal, loving and saving deities. "Puja" and "aradhana" were replaced to connote sacrifice, with a primary purpose of pleasing the supreme deity, by placing flowers and fruits in front of the image of the Lord at the temple. This reserves primary value to the Lord alone, with sacrifice being but a step towards glorifying the deity. Visnu embodies the whole action of the sacrifice and all its' elements as a whole. Thus, a subtle transition from "'dharma is the sacrifice' to 'Visnu is the sacrifice'" occurs. "
In Christianity, Jesus's crucification is the symbol of sacrifice, whereby God became incarnate in Jesus and sacrificed himself for wiping out the sins of his entire nation, replacing the unnecessary animal sacrifice of the Old covenant. Three days later, his bodily resurrection depicted the efficacy of this process in freeing human beings from death."
Abstract This paper details three common fallacies to critical thinking, particularly within an organization. It provides examples of each fallacy (analogy or false analogy, post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and the straw man argument) and it addresses the significance of each fallacy in relation to critical thinking. The paper then examines the general application of fallacies in relation to decision-making.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Fallacies
Arguments and Fallacies
Common Fallacies
Critical Thinking and Decision- making
Conclusion
From the Paper "The straw man argument is another logical fallacy. The straw man approach attempts to misrepresent an opponent's position on a subject to make it easier to attack the opponent. Using the straw man tactic, one would distort the view of the opponent to ridiculous extremes or attack the weak premises associated with the argument. An example of this form of logical fallacy is represented in an article published in The Vancouver Sun. The article specifically reveals how the straw man approach is used to discredit expert claims to the cause and effects of global warming and extreme weather events. In this article, the Vancouver Sun writer Morag Carter opposes the position of the editor of the Journal of Natural Hazards, Tad Murty. The Sun writer explains, Murty has been quoted in the press: "This [global warming] is the biggest scientific hoax being perpetrated on humanity". Murty goes on to explain, " There is no global warming due to human anthropogenic activities" (Carter, 2006). Carter uses this article to stress how Murty has used the straw man approach to attack the credibility of the claim that global warming is contributing to extreme weather events."
Abstract This essay draws parallels between scientific models and religious myths. To begin with, the writer dispels the notion that the findings of science are direct statements of truth. The writer examines the ideal gas equation and the kinetic theory of gases, and exposes them both to be analogies drawn from mathematical relationships. The writer then shows how religious statements work on analogies of a less exact nature. The writer shows that the difference between the two is only in the difference between the respective modes of enquiry, where the scientific model deals with material understanding, while the religious myth tackles human experience. The essay is based on the ideas of Alister McGrath and Mircea Eliade.
From the Paper "Science and religion are not comparable, because they have different spheres of enquiry. Science functions in the material sphere, and strives for strictly material explanations of the natural world. Religion on the other hand takes human experience as its domain, which transcends the material domain. Both however use analogy as their mode of expression. The scientist constructs analogical models, where measurement is the criteria. Religious myth also employs analogy, and the criteria here is human experience. Following this line of investigation, Alister McGrath offers a comparative study of scientific models and religious myths in his book Science and Religion: An Introduction. Mircea Eliade, on the other hand, believes that religious myths contain more significance than that which can be found through a mere comparison with scientific models. We consider both McGrath's analysis and that of Eliade, as found in his book Myth and Reality."
Abstract A look at the current switch from analog television to digital television. The author discusses the way television has progressed today and the type of quality, sound and picture it offers and compares it to the past. An examination of digital transmission and progressions into the future.
From the Paper "Once upon a time ? right after our parents got home from walking sixteen miles to school, uphill each way, in the snow, with people throwing rocks at them ? they sat down with their milk and cookies to watch black-and-white television. And while television has obviously acquired color in the years since the first generation of sets began to be commonplace in American households, they have otherwise in many ways remained remarkably similar to those first sets. But now the world of digital television is almost upon us, promising at least a technical revolution, and possibly a social one as well. For television is so deeply embedded into our national consciousness that any dramatic change in the technology that delivers the pictures on the small screen into our lives is almost guaranteed to have a substantial effect on American culture as we take the first major step in television redesign since the introduction of electronic television two generations ago."
This essay discusses the ethical dilemna that the abortion issue presents using the arguments of three philosophers, Judith Jarvis-Thompson, Mary Anne Warren and Don Marquis to analytically discuss and debate each of their individual positions.
Abstract Examined here is the seemingly intractable debate that has garnered much debate and philosophical discourse. Is abortion unethical? If so, on what grounds? Does a fetus have an unquestionable right to life? The arguments of three philosphers, Thompson, Warren, and Marquis attempt to construe argument devoid of appeal to religious sources. Actual logical arguments are put forth and then dissected by the author. Instruction of Informal fallacies also included, as well as topics such as debate through analogies, Criteria of Personhood, and Potentiality theories: FLO theory.
From the Paper "First let us begin with an argument derived from the article by Judith Jarvis-Thompson entitled, ?A Defense of Abortion.? She starts of with explaining the common pro-life argument, which relies heavily on the premise that a fetus is a human being and a person at the moment of conception. While examining the continuous expectancy that the fetus constantly develops into a child, she from this judges that to draw a line of personhood from this point or another is to exemplify the argument with an arbitrary carelessness. She makes no attempt to refute a fetus as a person or otherwise. To do so she deems as participation in a ?slippery-slope argument.? Thompson acknowledges that the fetus is a human well before it's birth, for it would be biologically unsound to state otherwise. Based on her take of the anti-abortionist's argument an acorn (a potential oak tree) would be viewed in the same way as an Oak tree is, even though that this is an incorrect and rather crude observation. From this basis, she says on cannot make a good examination until a better counter-argument is examined and then she says we will have more sufficient grounds on which to reject it or not."
Abstract This paper examines how segregation, which was established by the Jim Crow laws of the Civil War period and ended in the 1960s with the Civil Rights Act, saw the public separation of blacks and whites. It looks at how, nearly a century later, the Jim Crow laws of the late 19th century, along with the reversal of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, were re-examined for their constitutionality. In particular, it discusses how two important cases were Plessy vs. Ferguson, which established the legal mode of "separate but equal", and Brown vs. Board of Education, which ended racial segregation. It attempts to show how the historical analogy of these two events demonstrates that history helps to define our actions, allowing us to learn from past mistakes and generate new and better ideas for the future.
From the Paper "The civil rights struggle focused on reversing legal decisions made in the late 1800s, which were also supported for the first half of the 1900s. The eventual provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ending racial segregation was the result of an accumulated effort to organize individuals and groups to resist the acceptance of ?separate but equal.? The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) organized in 1909 with the mission to renew the civil and political liberties of all disadvantaged people, like the blacks who suffered the most under discrimination. The NAACP launched numerous public protests advocating the improved treatment of blacks. As the court cases that led up to legalized segregation established white dominance, the likewise assertion by groups like the NAACP and other civil-minded individuals, whites included, brought new cases to the Supreme Court."
Tags: jim, crow, laws, civil, rights, plessy, ferguson, brown
Abstract This paper discusses 'faulty analogy', 'slippery slope argument,' and 'red herring' and shows how these logical fallacies have had a detrimental effect on critical thinking and decision making. The paper also points out that critical thinking and decisions in the area of ethics seem to be particularly vulnerable to logical fallacies.
From the Paper "Faulty analogies, such as the example cited above, are common since it is easy to become impressed by a connection or two and then see an analogy where there really isn"t one (O"Rourke, 2001, Ch.7, para 22). Surprisingly, even organizations often make business decisions based on faulty analogies. Take, for example, the mistakes made by Disney Parks and Resorts in France. Based on the successful replication of its U.S. theme parks in Japan, Disney assumed that the same business model would work in Paris as well. Euro Disney, however, proved to be a very different story in terms of operations. While there were some similarities in customer preferences, the differences proved to be far stronger. For instance, one of the biggest differences, which proved to be a costly error for Disney, was that Europeans treated theme parks as places for day excursions."
Abstract This paper discusses digital television, comparing it to analog television. The paper presents an explanation and assessment of the current laws and mandates regarding digital television in America and in the United Kingdom. The paper explores the technology involved and provides examples of several cable companies that offer digital television.
From the Paper "Though some providers of digital television like Sky claim that weather conditions do not affect the clarity of images on digital television, this fact has been demonstrated as not being true. Weather does affect digital images and there is a certain amount of corruption present. In fact, though the images are better than those of analogous television, the limitations of the compression technology that is used for digital television is apparent in the manner in which "digital artifacts" or "after images" as they are better known occur on the television when the picture changes much too fast, or even when other channels are fighting for the same bandwidth at the same time. Digital television must not be confused with "high definition" television; in fact digital television occupies the same number of lines of 625, as the analogous television."
Abstract The goal of this research paper is to cover technical and operational details, with specific focus on how the spread spectrum techniques is used. To determine the differences and advantages of spread spectrum over traditional approaches, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper "The revolution in communications technology provided lower costs in receiving and dialing long-distance telephone calls. This cost savings was realized primarily from the use of digital computer technology in space satellites and in telephone company central offices that connect to them. Most American homes continue to use analog lines because of the many miles of existing copper wire currently running under the streets; however, spread spectrum has increasingly emerged as a radical alternative to the model of single-frequency (narrowband) radio and television transmissions that characterized telecommunications in the 20th century. Spread spectrum signals are distributed over a range of frequencies by the transmitter, then reassembled by the receiver. Based on the advantages provided by digital electronics, these processes occur with extreme accuracy at lightning-fast speeds and at low cost."
Abstract This paper gives an account of Kant's arguments in the three analogies of "The Critique of Pure Reason"-- causal relations, simultaneity and the holistic community. It concludes that his argument that everything interacts with everything else is essentially plausible.
From the Paper "In the third analogy Kant writes that the possibility of representing things as simultaneous requires these things to be represented as being in causal interaction with one another. He also writes, in the first analogy, that our apprehension of the world (the manifold of appearances) is successive and so it seems that we cannot apprehend any appearances as co-existent. If the appearances we apprehend were not ordered in time, and ordered in a way based upon the persistence of substance, we would end up with a 'play of representations' - a disordered jumble of appearances none of which are related to any other and each of which being apprehended randomly by the understanding, which has no principle by which to order its apprehension of the world any other way."
Abstract This paper examines how VoIP is an ellipsis of the concept of Voice over Internet Protocol and how with the possession of a qualitative Internet connection it is possible to integrate the telecommunication with Internet to execute rather than depending upon the local phone company. It looks at how the VoIP has the greatest advantage of being cheap and having the quality of cost effectiveness even though it necessitates a mode to transform the analog phone signals into digital signals that are capable of being transmitted through Internet.
Outline
Introduction
Benefits of VoIP
Integration of VoIP with Enterprise Infrastructure
From the Paper "There are a number of services available to make possible the free VoIP calls such as Free World Dialup and Skype. The most significant factor taken into consideration while building packet voice networks is proper capacity planning. With regard to the capacity planning the bandwidth calculation is considered to be most important factor simultaneously designating and troubleshooting packet voice networks for good voice quality. Along with the circuit switched voice networks all voice calls utilize 64 Kbps fixed bandwidth links irrespective of the size of conversation and silence. With VoIP networks all sorts of conversation and silence is packetized with VoIP networks. "
Tags: bandwidth, skype, analog, phone, signals, digital
