Abstract
The paper discusses several processes in which a leader can influence an organization through his decisions and actions, including direct decisions, the allocation of resources and use of rewards and role modeling. The paper compares the strategies of three major leaders in the technology industry; Bill Gates, Michael Dell and Steve Jobs, to illustrate how they use different combinations of these power processes in their leadership positions.

From the Paper
"There are several ways in which a leader can influence an organization through their decisions and actions. These methods are referred to as influence or power processes. Among these processes are direct decisions, the allocation of resources and use of rewards, and role modeling. How a leader chooses to use these processes causes an organization to reflect the style and preferences of the leader (Nahavandi, 2006). They are also a source of power and influence for leaders (Nahavandi, 2006).
"One of the most powerful ways for leaders to affect organizations is through direct decisions. The decisions of top leaders set the course for the organization (Nahavandi, 2006). Members of the upper management are almost entirely responsible for determining an organization's strategy. The visions and missions set forth by these leaders will have effects on all aspects of the organization (Nahavandi, 2006)."

Tags:decisions, resources, rewards, role, modeling, influence

Abstract
The paper looks at influence processes that are related to how one dispenses one's authority when in a leadership position. The paper provides a comparison of three different managers' influence methods. The paper also argues that transformational leadership is an important and relevant leadership model that must be embraced by modern organizations.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Summary of Influence Processes
Analysis and Comparison
Discussion Board: Transformational Leadership

From the Paper
"Leadership depends on influence processes and concepts in order to guide a given organization. Without strong and well-developed influence processes, the leader must resort to coercive processes which are counter-productive and produce no lasting positive change. Influence processes involve no coercive types of influences but rather make use of positive influences such as motivation, compensation, and mentoring, among others, to affect positive change (Mathews, 2006). In this vein, leadership can be considered a process that use non-coercive power while as a property, leadership can be thought of as a body of characteristics which are most often attributed to those who are considered to be leaders or are in leadership positions. Thus, influence processes are related to how one dispenses one's authority when in a leadership position and the types of authority or power."

Tags:transformational, authority, motivation, discipline

Abstract
This paper explores the connection between the neurological branches of science and biological psychology to better understand the processes of the human brain and their impact on human behavior. Current research and modern technology are presented to give more understanding to this emerging field. In particular, the author describes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems and how this has enabled scientists to map the brain, especially the areas that impact human behavior. The paper also describes various neurotransmitters and their many roles within the brain.

Outline
Neurological Processes
Effects on Behavior
Impact on Biological Psychology
Postsynaptic Potentials, Synaptic Transmission and Receptors
Primary Neurotransmitters
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the 1960's, doctors such as Dr. James Pennefield have been conducting studies on human memory. Using patients whom were already undergoing brain surgery, he electrically stimulated certain parts of their brains in an attempt to determine how we store memories and later recall them. Though Dr. Pennefield did discover that people have vivid recollections of memories, and also how to recreate consciousness with this process, where and how the brain stores these memories was not discovered. How the neurological processes of the brain worked in storing and recalling these memories remained a mystery until later inventions such as the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system."

Tags:synaptic transmission, receptors, neurotransmitters, memory, MRI

Abstract
This paper examines the various cognitive processes involved in face recognition by citing various research studies. The differing schools of thought in this area are also discussed and compared to one another. Additionally, several sub-processes in face recognition are also described.

From the Paper
"In terms of the processes associated with face recognition, according to the author of the book, The Cognitive Neuroscience of Face Processing, evidence from neureopsychology suggests that "dissociable neural systems exist for the recognition of individual faces, the discrimination of emotional expressions, and the discrimination of the direction of overt attention" (Kanwisher, 2000, p. 1). This perspective refers to a school of thought known as multiple components of face processing. The authors of..."

Tags:psychology, facial recognition, cognition

Abstract
This paper discusses cellular respiration, the Kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, electron transfer system, substrate-level phosphorylation and electron transport phosphorylation. The paper further discusses where in the cell these processes take place and how, the enzymes involved, the substrates and end products.

From the Paper
"Cellular respiration includes all the processes by which a cell uses food molecules, such as glucose to produce energy in the form of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) for use by all the energy-consuming activities carried out by the cell. This occurs in the cytoplasm of alleukaryotic cells. Cells which respire in the presence of oxygen do so aerobically whereas those which do it in the absence of oxygen are said to respire anaerobically. Many aerobic cells are also capable of anaerobic respiration when temporarily deprived of oxygen..."

Tags:respiration, aerobic, anaerobic, Kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Abstract
This paper examines how it is an evolutionary fact that neither men nor women are born equally and how the genomes of males and females are designed to be different so that physiologically males generally have higher levels of muscular mass, maximal aerobic and anaerobic power. It concentrates on these processes and attempts to explain why there are differences in these between men and women.

From the Paper
"A women's maximal strength in either isometric or dynamic contractions of the leg muscles is on average sixty-five to seventy five percent of a man's maximum value. For trunk muscles women have only sixty to seventy percent of their male counter parts maximal values. The major disadvantage in maximal strength is in elbow flexion and extension. Females can only attain fifty percent of the male's maximum. Women have a smaller muscle mass than men so their maximal muscle strength will be different. There is no evidence for sex differences in the quality of skeletal muscle so it is concluded that muscle mass determines the potential for developing strength."

Tags:aerobic, anaerobic, cardiovascular, exercise, fibres, muscular

Abstract
The cell engulfs food oxygen and lets out carbon dioxide yet everything must go through the cell membrane which is also the total surface area of the cell. This paper discusses metabollic processes within the cell and how these processes affect the cell's size.

From the Paper
"The nucleus and cytoplasm use oxygen and food while producing waste through volume and weight. At times, the cell needs more membrane space in order to provide greater area for intake of oxygen and food and to release waste. However, as the cell grows larger, the ratio of the total surface area-weight ratio decreases. In other words, the greater cell content needs more oxygen and food than the membrane can take in and produces more waste than the membrane can release; its hydrophobic interior excludes the aqueous solutions of the cytoplasm and the external environment. "Although a large cell would be able to withstand more metabolic reactions (due to its larger volume) than a smaller cell, the larger..."

Tags:cell, photosynthesis, anaerobes

Abstract
The paper explains the processes involved in the production of energy from food, with a focus on the two pathways by which glucose can enter the cell; anaerobic respiration and Kreb's cycle. The paper further explains the purpose of respiration in the mitochondria and the role of the mitochondrial cristae. The paper aims to show that without the specific structure of mitochondria, particularly the cristae and cellular matrix, the Kreb's cycle would not be possible and cells would have a very difficult time obtaining the energy required for carrying out normal cellular processes.

From the Paper
"Mitochondria are double membrane bound organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. The main cellular function of mitochondria is to provide energy for the cell to allow it to move, divide, contract, etc. For this reason, mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell.
"The general shape of mitochondria is usually rod-shaped. The inner membrane is composed of folds which project inward. These folds are called cristae. The matrix is inside the space enclosed by the inner membrane. Strands of DNA, ribosomes, and small granules may be present in the matrix. Using these molecules, the mitochondria are able to code for part of their proteins."

Tags:glucose, pyruvate, respiration, cristae, cellular, matrix, ATP, Kreb's, cycle

Abstract
This paper describes the functions, structure and activity of pyruvate decarboxylase. The paper also explains that the enzyme is very stable, and extremely easy to purify as well as its kinetic property and the oxidation processes for the enzyme. Additionally, the paper describes the anaerobic conditions of pyruvate decarboxylase and the three stages of aerobic respiration. Numerous figures are provided throughout the paper to help explain the topic.

From the Paper
"The curve for v[S], the same as pryuvate decarboxylase, shows that catalytic activity inside of the enzyme has to be regulated by a substrate. The inactive enzyme can only be activated by 2-oxo acids and 2-oxo acid amides. These cannot be a substrate inside of the enzyme. The actual dissociation constant completely depends on electrophilic nature of a carbonyl group, the structure of the activator molecules are completely independent from the saturation concentration of the catalytic activity."

Tags:converge, together, carbon, dioxide, molecules, eliminated, hydroxyethyl, group, transfers, attaches, lipoamide, component, complex, final, transfer, original, form

Abstract
This paper looks at how formerly environmentally damaging methane gas from landfills is now being utilized for direct-use and gas-to-electric projects that not only benefit consumers but are actually responsible for improving the environment.

From the Paper
"Three decades ago the notion of landfills was a distasteful one to most people. Landfills emit natural gases that are a by-product of decomposition of organic waste. Landfill gas emissions give off a noxious odor for those living in close proximity to landfills and the release of gases from aerobic and anaerobic oxygen free processes were thought to be detrimental to the environment. Landfill gas (LFG) is primarily composed of carbon dioxide and methane. Because of this it is flammable and potentially explosive in..."

Tags:waste management, greenhouse effect, alternative sources of fuel, heating, turbines, pollution, anaerobic processes, BMW, electricity, carbon dioxide