Abstract
An overview of anabolic steroids is presented in this paper. Firstly a brief history, followed by statistics for the people using them. The writer then examines why people take steroids and what the effects are for men and women separately. It concludes with the treatment for steroids.

From the Paper
"Anabolic steroids is the familiar name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormone. They promote the growth of skeletal muscle and the development of male characteristics. They have been around for decades, but in the last ten to fifteen years the research on the effects of this drug has increased. The side effects were not known when the drug first came out, but they are becoming more and more prevalent through recent research. Many new side effects are being discovered and it is likely many more side effects are yet to be discovered. Males and females have different side effects to deal with, but all of them are harmful. Anabolic steroids are a growing concern throughout the world (Yesalis, 68)."

Tags:research, science, steroids, athlete, body, stamina

Abstract
Anabolic steroids emulate the body's natural production of male hormones, particularly testosterone. They are valued by athletes for their ability to increase muscle density, strength, endurance and speed. This paper provides a literary review to evaluate research studies and major professional publications dealing with the use of anabolic steroids by female athletes. While female athletes may benefit physically, they are at risk of developing potentially serious psychological side effects caused by anabolic steroids. The paper also contends that the majority of studies deal with male athletes, creating a need for further research focusing upon female athletes and their use of anabolic steroids.

Outline:
Anabolic Steroid Use: Function and Impact
Anabolic Steroid Use and Female Athletes
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In the Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science, T.D.Fahey (1998) explained the physiological and psychological consequences of anabolic steroid use for athletes. Athletes make seek to take anabolic steroids to promote muscle growth, strength, speed and endurance (Fahey, 1998). These changes are accomplished because anabolic steroids emulate the behavior of the body's natural androgenic hormones, particularly testosterone. These hormones control the body's development, particularly during puberty and adolescence. Androgenic hormones stimulate muscle, bone and red blood cell growth (Fahey, 1998). Each of these physiological elements play a role in physical performance and the consumption of anabolic steroids serves to enhance their growth and development. "

Tags:testosterone, hormones

Abstract
The paper reviews the history of anabolic steroids and explains how they affect the body. It reviews potential dangers in steroid use and abuse, both physical and mental, and attempts to gauge the extent of abuse. The paper reviews players' attitudes to steroid use in professional sports and recounts several incidents where players were caught using steroids. In conclusion, the paper finds that only education of athletes and potential athletes - adolescents - will reduce the demand for, and eventually the abuse of, steroids in sports.

Table of Contents:
Statement of Controversy
Discussion
Implications
Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"In addition to the physical side effects, the use of anabolic steroids also causes psychological side effects. The drugs become extremely addictive and damaging to the mind. They can cause violent episodes, and become so psychologically addicting that users are unable to recognize the negative side effects. Additionally, research has shown that steroids sometimes cause psychotic side effects, which have been nicknamed as "roid mania." The symptoms include wildly aggressive and combative behavior, depression, listlessness, and delusions during and after performance. For example, athletes who use steroids have been shown to attempt to continue the competition after the end of a game. Steroids mentally destroy the brain and the ability to reason. Overall the usage of steroids is extremely damaging to the human body."

Tags:andro, androstenedione, athletes, side, effects, testing

Abstract
Anabolic steroids have become an integral part of the equation for athletic success in a number of sports. The paper explains that the advantages associated with the drugs are substantial and readily apparent, while the disadvantages are often seen as insignificant or unobserved. It points out that although the specific mechanisms by which anabolic steroids harm and kill remain clouded, there is enough proof to condemn the drugs from a medical perspective. Morally, they not only put into question the place of sports in society, but the entire bond between effort and outcome in physical achievement. The writer concludes that as long as the driving force behind sports is victory and competition, any advantage-whether perceived or real, legal or illegal-will categorically be pursued.

From the Paper
"Anabolic steroids can be lethal. "Most of these lethal effects have involved the cardiovascular system and have been reported in case studies." (Taylor, 76). Heart attack, blood clots in the lungs, strokes, intra-abdominal hemorrhages, and suicides have been identified as possibly being the result of steroids (Taylor, 76). Although many models have been developed to explain the connection between anabolic steroids and these forms of death, there is currently no clear consensus in the medical community. Nevertheless, statistically athletes who are steroid users have been identified as approximately ten percent more likely to suffer premature deaths than athletes who are non-steroid users (Taylor, 77). Such a strong correlation establishes steroid use as exceedingly dangerous to everyone who uses them, regardless of their previous physical condition."

Tags:drug, moral, medical

Abstract
The paper describes both the quantitative and qualitative research methods to be used in a study on anabolic steroids and personality changes. The paper asserts that a mixed methodology approach would be best suited for this research topic, since it would allow the researcher to determine if a causal connection exists between the two variables and to examine the factors that could have influenced the survey results.

Outline:
Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed Method

From the Paper
"Quantitative methods are best suited for studies where the research topic can be reduced to a single data point. Choosing an appropriate measure for the study is an important factor. Fair measures are those that are externally developed, independent, reliable and valid (Fashola, 2004). In this case, anabolic steroid use will serve as the independent variable and personality change will be the dependent variable. The purpose is to measure the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable.
"Determining appropriate effect size is an important element in quantitative research methods. An appropriate effect size will help future researchers to determine the applicability of the study results (Anderson-Cook, 2003; Trusty & Thompson, 2004). A goal of 400 anabolic steroid users would be an excellent choice for this study and would provide a sufficient effect size.
"The sample population will compare results of a group of persons using anabolic steroids for a short period. The study will entail a pretest, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to determine if any preexisting personality disorders exist and to use as a baseline. The subjects will then receive a course of anabolic steroids for a specific time. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory will then be administered again to determine if any changes have occurred, Data analysis will focus on changes between the pre and posttest conditions. This method will allow the researcher to isolate the variable and to determine if changes in personality over the test period are directly associated with their use."

Tags:quantitative, qualitative, methodology

Abstract
This paper is a research study to answer three questions to improve knowledge within the physiological and psychological fields of sport science. The first and second questions studied are the effect of anabolic steroids on an athlete's performance and aggression personality measure. The third research question aims to find out if older athletes (aged 35-45 years) experience higher anxiety than younger athletes.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Research Question One
Research Question Two
Research Question Three
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is debate as to whether older people are really at lower risk for depressive disorders, or whether endorsement of symptoms is low. A study by Christensen et al, (1999) assessed the effects of age on anxiety and depression, and examined whether age had direct effects on self-report of individual symptoms independent of its effect on the underlying dimensions of anxiety and depression. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the structure of the items and their associations with age and a number of demographic variables. They sampled 2622 participants aged between 18 and 79 years. Results found that both scales were found to fit satisfactorily to a two factor model. Items with direct age effects reflected physical (feeling slowed down; waking early) and psychological (hopeless about the future) components of depression."

Tags:depression, sport, science, testerone

Abstract
This paper researches the use and development of anabolic steroids in professional and college level athletes and traces its effect and impact on the psycho-physiology of the sports player.

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of substance abuse in sports today. The paper points out that of all the controversial issues regarding contemporary sports, such as skyrocketing player salaries, unaffordable ticket prices, over expansion and ridiculously long playoff seasons, the most pressing of all is substance abuse. The paper further discusses how the lenient responses in the past to substance abuse by prominent professional athletes have sent the hypocritical and dangerous message to young athletes of high school age and even younger that substance abuse is not that big a deal and that it OK to use performance enhancing drugs.

Tags:sports, issues, analyzed

Abstract
The paper discusses a quantitative research study that proposes to examine the use of anabolic steroids and the propensity towards severe depression among students. The paper offers a background of the use of anabolic steroids and provides a literature review as well as an explanation of the hypothesis and methodology to be used. The paper includes a copy of all sources used as appendices to the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Methodology

From the Paper
"Anabolic steroids have become the substance of choice for a growing number of teens. It is estimated that nearly 500,000 of all eighth -tenth grade students use anabolic steroids on a regular basis (Melloni, 2006). Anabolic steroids can only be obtained by prescription in the US, but this does not prevent teens from obtaining them through sources shipped into other countries and then struggled across the border (Gober, et al., 2006). Anabolic steroids, in combination with exercise and proper diet can promote increased size and strength of muscles (Gober, et al., 2006)."

Tags:self-esteem, moods, aggression, hormones

Abstract
This paper explains that androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS), synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone, can exert strong effects on the human body, which may be beneficial for athletic performance; however, they also have many serious negative effects on the user's health. The author used a multiple choice questionnaire for participants in intramural sports teams questioning the athletes' knowledge and use of steroids and interviewed coaches regarding their knowledge of the prevalence of the use of AAS drugs in their particular population of student athletes. The paper concludes that (1) the level of knowledge of the coaches in this school was relatively low, (2) 36% of the students at this high school reported using AAS either currently or in the past and (3) a significant proportion of the athletes who took these drugs were unable to state correctly the side effects or the expectations for these drugs.

Table of Contents
The Problem
Problem Background
Literature Review
Historical Perspective
Performance Enhancing Drugs - the Real Problem
Problems Associated with AAS Use
Physiological Changes Associated with AAS Use
Purpose of the Study and Research Questions
Limitations
Definitions
Importance of the Study
Methodology
Research Design
Selection of Participants
Instrumentation
Ethical Issues
Dissemination
Restatement of the Purpose
Research Question One
Research Question Two
Research Question Three
Sub Question A
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Implications for Practice/Research
Student Questionnaire
Informed Consent Form
Budget
Educational Course Outline

From the Paper
"There are some sections of the sport world who believe that the risk of significant side effect from the use of anabolic steroids has been grossly overstated. It is probably more correct to state that studies in this area are really few and far between, and when studies have been carried out the data retrieval is difficult and there is very little in the way of side effect reporting. It therefore makes it difficult to predict the level of harm which may be related to the use of anabolic steroids, but some can be theorized and therefore monitored for. In females who use the drugs, the masculinizing effects can be damaging to features and fertility. It is also important to understand that many of these drugs are not adequately regulated, and as a result many athletes end up using counterfeit products, which carry no safety data or warning labels."

Tags:testosterone, performance, questionnaire, intramural, knowledge