Abstract
This paper examines the question of which areas of the brain are engaged by emotional stimuli. The preliminary hypothesis supported is that every region of the brain is activated by emotional stimuli and that, secondarily, each region of the brain is activated in a different manner by different stimuli. It proposes to prove that notion that every region of the brain does not act similarly in response to various emotional stimuli, but most regions will react in some manner, since the amygdala ,for example, will react more aggressively to certain forms of emotional stimuli than others.

From the Paper
"The study "Neural Correlates of Person Recognition" identified the regions of the brain that are activated by emotional stimuli in an abstract manner. In this study participants were examined to assess their ability to recognize people by viewing their faces, and the subsequent brain activity required to retrieve person specific information was compared and contrasted. Functional MRI imaging showed that several regions of the brain responded to familiar emotional stimuli or faces, including the following: left hippocampus, left middle temporal gyrus, left insula, and bilateral cerebellum (Paller, et. al, 2003). Brain activity was much more active in various regions for emotional stimuli that were personal or familiar in nature."

Tags:amygdala, neural, memory

Abstract
This paper discusses the brain, a wonderful and complex mechanism which is still largely undiscovered territory with infinite possibilities. The writer explains that this infinite capacity is the result of a complex interaction between the structures of our brains; these structures have more than one function. By describing the different areas of the brain and its structures and functions, and explaining with lucid examples from the writer's own experience how these structures are used in everyday life, the paper brings home to the reader with vivid immediacy how the brain controls our whole body.

Outline:
Brain Diagram
The Reticular Formation
The Medulla
The Cerebellum
The Basal Ganglia
The Basal Forebrain
The Basal Forebrain
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Brocas's Area
Parietal Lobe
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke's Area
Corpus Callosum

From the Paper
"The basal ganglia appear to coordinate movement, cognition and voluntary movement. The basal ganglia are located deep inside of the cerebral hemispheres, in the telecephalon area of the brain. The telencephalon area is the anterior portion of the brain. The exact function of the basal ganglia in behavior is not totally established, but it appears to be the "traffic cop" so to speak, that decides which of the actions the cortex may be planning, to act on, to carry out. It is responsible for making sure that movement results in a pleasurable reward; this structure increases activity when the reward is pleasurable, and does not increase activity when the results do not include a reward. This structure has been implicated in Parkinson's Disorder."

Tags:stimulus spatial sulcus impulse pituitary hormone midbrain, spinal cord, pons

Abstract
This paper examines ten different sections of the human brain, giving the importance of each to the everyday action of taking a shower. The ten brain sections that are identified, discussed, and analyzed are: the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata, the pons, the reticular formation, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex, and the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.

From the Paper
"This paper shall look at ten different sections of the human brain, giving the importance of each to the everyday action of taking a shower. The ten brain sections to be identified, discussed, and analyzed will be: the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata, the pons, the reticular formation, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex, and the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex.
"The first brain structure that is important while taking a shower is the..."

Tags:brain, structure, shower

Abstract
This paper relates that the sense of smell is related to spatial memory in a residual feature shared with other vertebrates that are also able to recognize and become reoriented towards a place by way of olfactory reminders. The author points out that only two synapses separate the human olfactory nerve from the amygdala involved in emotion and emotional memory, and only three synapses separate the olfactory nerve from the hippocampus implicated in memory and especially, working and long term memory. The paper states that neurobiological and other studies pertaining to olfaction and memory have explored such topics as social membership, interaction and recognition.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Indications of Evolution
Amnosmia
More on Human Olfaction and Other Primates
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"This 'Proust Effect' has been noted in various other kinds of survivors and often, many years after other reminders of unwanted, often terrible experiences have subsided. A particular smell of which the person may barely be aware till encountered can create intense emotional memories and upset. It is known that olfactory neurons are unmyleinated as makes them the slowest of those associated with the different senses but also makes perceived smells last longer than those of vision or audition. "

Tags:korsakoff, synapses, disease, aroma-therapeutic, proust

Abstract
This paper describes the role and the significance of the protein known as stathmin and how it is critical when it comes to provoking the fear response. The paper further explores the role of the stathmin gene and how it relates to the aforementioned fear response, especially when humans are confronted with a threatening or potentially threatening experience. As part of underscoring the stathmin's important role as much as possible, the paper devotes time to researching the specific role of the amygdale in the fear and panic response.

From the Paper
"Recent reports have noted the importance of a protein called stathmin and how the stathmin gene is critical when it comes to provoking the fear response. With that in mind, the ensuing paper will research the role of the stathmin gene and how it relates to the aforementioned fear response. Of especial importance, the research report to come will illuminate how the presence of the stathmin gene - or the lack of said gene - impacts the human fear response when confronted with a threatening (or potentially threatening) experience. As part of underscoring the stathmin's important..."

Tags:stathmin, amygdala, fear

Abstract
This paper explains that the reason that some memories are kept forever and others are lost is the association of emotions during the event. To support this statement, the author investigates a progression of several empirical studies, including the variation in the ability to remember negative and positive events, by looking at the results as well as the research methodology. The paper suggests that future research might focus on the effect of expectation prior to an event and the ability to remember it.

From the Paper
"Interestingly, several studies had suggested that such memories do not preserve through time as subsequent follow up surveys, varying from eight months to 34 months from the time the event had taken place, had indicated inconsistent memories from the ones initially reported. In fact, as observed in a study conducted by Neisser and Harsch (2000), when shown the original reports, many participants were not only surprised at the first results but had kept insisting that they still had no recollection of the details stated in the first survey still."

Tags:amygdala, flashbulb, inconsistent, anova, schemas

Abstract
This paper summarizes an article from Scientific American - 'His Brain, Her Brain,' by Larry Cahill. It talks about the research into structural and functional differences in male and female brains and the implications for medicine.

From the Paper
"The article 'His Brain Her Brain' by Larry Cahill describes the research that has been carried out and is ongoing into differences between male and female brains. The is no longer considered a sexist claim because there are differences not only in the structure of male and female brains but in the way different areas of the brain react to various stressors. Back in ... Scientific American published an article which described how sex hormones directed divergent reproductive behavior in rats which was thought to be controlled by the..."

Tags:brain, amygdala, hippocampus, male, female, medicine

Abstract
One of the most valuable human qualities is the will to survive. Case histories of life-threatening situations have demonstrated that stubborn, strong will power is often the key to conquering dangerous conditions. The paper shows, however, that the will to survive also manifests in the human physiology. Hunger, sweating and panic are good examples of anatomical responses to danger. These actions are largely uncontrolled. The paper argues, therefore, that the will to survive is not simply a human trait, it is also an instinct.

From the Paper
"However, by stopping the sweating mechanism, the body is making a drastic attempt to prevent further water loss by initiating absolute conservation of water. This physiologically-initiated method of survival actually prolongs the person's ability to survive in that it allows him extra time to replenish his fluids. If the body continued sweating, the fluid loss level would reach 15 percent, the blood volume would fall below sustainable levels and the organs would simply die."

Tags:relay, center, Amygdala, adrenaline, TRF

Abstract
This paper describes anterograde and retrograde amnesia and the causes of this disorder. The paper explores the areas of the brain involved, and describes studies from brain-damaged patients from whom this information has been established. The paper discusses temporally graded retrograde amnesia, and how it affects long-term memory, as well as temporary forms of amnesia.

From the Paper
"Anterograde amnesia is characterized by a loss of memory for events which occurred following injury to the brain, whereas retrograde amnesia is characterized by a loss of memory for events which occurred before a brain injury."

Tags:anterograde, retrograde, hippocampus, anterorhinal, perirhinal, entorhinal, diencephalon, thalamus, amygdala

Abstract
This paper explains that, although the initial diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was related to war veterans, this diagnosis has been extended to the general population including sufferers of childhood sexual abuse. The author points out that the increased understanding of memory and the areas of the brain involved in long term and short term storage has enhanced the understanding of this disorder. The author hypothesizes that people who do not suffer from PTSD have attached some type of contextual meaning to what they witnessed or have modulated the memory to incorporate a meaning that is greater than simply "what happened". The paper discuses common methods of treatment such as exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and various drugs.

From the Paper
"From this research, two important parts of the brain stand out; the hippocampus and the amygdala. First, it is necessary to discuss these organs and their importance to memory and brain functioning, then connections can be made to PTSD. The amygdalae are two almond shaped bundles of neurons that are located in an area of the brain known as the medial temporal lobe. Its primary function is in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. Studies involving the functioning of the amygdala sometimes involve the fear response in rats."

Tags:hippocampus, amygdala, veterans, adrenaline, corticosterone