Abstract
This paper looks at labeling theory, explaining its development from symbolic interactionism and the key precepts on which it is based. It covers concepts such as the assertion that an act is not inherently deviant but that deviance is socially constructed, how labels originate and are applied to people; primary and secondary deviance and the distinction made between them. It also discusses the effect of a person internalising a label and changing his self-image to accommodate the label, deviancy amplification spirals and positive feedback loops and moral panics. It then offers some evaluation of the labeling theory, discussing criticisms such as the need for subjectivity to fully understand crime, the relationship between determinism of positivist theories and the deviancy amplification spirals in labeling theory.

From the Paper
"Labelling theory developed from the ideas of symbolic interactionism, a perspective which assumes that social order is linked to social interaction and communication. Shared meanings, behavioural expectations and reflected appraisals (the way in which one perceives others' views of oneself) are applied to behaviour through interaction, and link individual conduct to organisational groups and social structures. A person's behaviour is influenced by others through the process of role-taking, whereby a person projects himself into another person's 'shoes' and appraises himself, the situation and possible lines of action, from the other's viewpoint. "

Tags:amplification, delinquency, determinism, deviancy, interactionism, internalisation

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mutations of the BRCA1 are known to be a cause in early onset breast-ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. The writer describe and experiment that aimed to sequence the exon containing the BRCA1 gene in order to identify disease causing mutations and then clone the gene to accept or reject heterozygosity shown in the sequence on the chromatogram. Salivary DNA was collected, amplified, and sequenced so that the sequence of the chromatogram obtained could be compared with the normal sequence to identify the positions of mutations. The writer discusses that the results obtained helped identify mutations and how to find their positions so that a better understanding of gene mutations and how to find them is acquired. The writer concludes that with the growing knowledge of gene mutations this brings us one step closer to finding a cure.

Abstract
Introduction
Rationale Aims
Materials and Methods
Collection of Salivary DNA
Purification of Human Genomic DNA
PCR Amplification of Exon in the BRCA1 Gene
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis/QIAquick PCR Purification
DNA Sequencing Reactions
Sequencing Reaction Cleanup
PCR Amplicon Sequencing Analysis
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part One)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 2)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 3)
PCR Amplification of Cloned Exons
Cloned Sequence Reactions
Trouble shooting
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Trouble Shoot
Results
References

From the Paper
"The BRCA1 gene was initially discovered in 1990 by Mary-Claire King, however, it wasn't until 1994 that a team of scientists located and amplified the gene. The reason why it took so long to locate the gene was due the fact that it only accounts for only 5% of all breast Cancer Cases. The gene is 100kb long and is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at locus q21. It is a tumor suppressor gene which, with the interaction of other tumor suppressor genes, helps repair damaged DNA and control cell growth, therefore, keeping genomic stability.
"In response to damage BRCA1 produces a product which is activated and interacts with the BRCA2 and RAD51 to repair the broken DNA. The BRCA2 gene in another gene which when mutated causes breast cancer in men and women whereas BRCA1 only causes breast cancer in women."

Tags:tumor, gene, mutation, breast, cancer, DNA

Abstract
This paper explains that the euro has served as the greatest economic policy experiment, uniting several large countries and facilitating greater competition, trade and financial stability. The paper points out that the euro spawned a new era of competition for Eurozone businesses, radically reducing transaction costs, creating a broader pool of savings with a diversified set of options for borrowers and increasing competition between legal environments. The paper also reports that the implications from increased international trade due to the euro include the elimination of deadweight loss and a gain to consumers. The paper concludes that the euro will continue to play a critical part as the Information Age continues to mold previously segmented economies into one thriving global economy.

Table of Contents:
The Globe
Unprecedented Competition
Trade Amplification
Financial Stability
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is intuitive that sharing a common currency increases trade between a pair of countries, but the major question is why. Rose simply admits that he does not know. He speculates that a common currency might mean greater political commitment to a long-term economic integration or perhaps greater financial integration between two countries. While the reason behind this is still a puzzle, it nevertheless has many implications for both the EMU and the increasingly global economy."

Tags:competition eurozone, gravity model, internet integrating

Abstract
This paper discusses how DNA analysis is carried out and its importance in certain circumstances. It particularly deals with the trauma of 9/11 and explains the advantages that DNA had over other identification methods in such a scenario. The author has included references to several studies that have been carried out as well as a diagram depicting human chromosomes and other tables of interest.

Outline:
Introduction
The aftermath of the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers
How important is DNA evidence in this case?
Will everyone get identified?
Restrictions on how DNA evidence can be used
Fragment sizes
Decomposing DNA
How does the analysis get proper resource and funding?
DNA management
Source of DNA samples
Using Identification Number on the site
Storing into the database
How DNA analysis (methods) can be utilized in making identification
DNA Extraction
DNA amplification and analysis (PCR)
Mitochondrial DNA
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Short Tandem Repeat analysis
Identifying victims
Probability ratio in linking to the victims
Linking victims using relatives and family member's DNA
Limitation of modern technology
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"The deaths of thousands of innocent people can traumatize an entire nation, and this was the case on September 11, 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon. According to Gonzalez, Schofield and Schmitt (2006), "On September 11, 2001, 2,792 people were killed in terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The number of victims, the condition of their remains, and the duration of the recovery effort made the identification of the victims the most difficult ever undertaken by the forensic community in this country" (p. 3). The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a means of providing virtually positive identification of victims of mass disasters is of fairly recent origin having been introduced about 50 years ago, but the impetus is on to use these techniques for a wider range of forensic applications. For example, during the 1990s, a number of states began to develop DNA identification programs, and in 1993, the FBI implemented CODIS, a national program designed to (a) support federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in their creation of a population statistical database; (b) improve DNA forensic analysis methods; and (c) to serve humanitarian purposes such as the identification of missing persons or the human remains from mass disasters (Lyon, 2002). The FBI in particular favored the development of the CODIS application based on its "productivity and efficiency," but former director of the FBI crime laboratory John Hicks described the computer databank as "nothing more than an information management and screening tool" (Hoeffel, 1990, p. 527). The former director also indicated, though, that he expected that the initiative would ". . . save time and effort, and courts will have fewer cases to process because investigations can be better focused and coordinated" (FBI, 1991, p. 37). The CODIS application links the DNA profiles of convicts gathered by scattered state law enforcement DNA labs, encourages uniform standards, and pools DNA data to facilitate identification of criminals across borders (Lyon, 2002). The thirteen DNA sites used in the CODIS database are illustrated in Figure 1 below."

Tags:closure, identification, forensic

Abstract
The paper presents a short description of the electric guitar and its components in order to explain how the instrument works. It also discusses the most well-known and important producers and manufacturers who contributed to the guitar's evolution. It contends that the electric guitar is still undergoing many changes to suit today's musical needs, explaining that different musicians prefer different sounds for diverse purposes. The paper also introduces and discusses the guitar playing of various influential musicians.
Outline
Introduction
Guitar Components
The Need for an Electrified Guitar
Early Methods of Amplification
Pioneers of Electrification
Lyod Loar
Rickenbacker's "Frying Pan"
Les Paul and "The Log"
Early Guitar Manufacturers
Gibson
Fender
Bigsby
Most Popular Models/Musicians
Gibson Les Paul
Fender Telecaster
Fender Stratocaster
Later Producers
Danelectro
Jackson
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The need for an electrified guitar arose in early 1920's when musicians and bands became more and more popular and their audiences grew larger. The artists realized they needed louder and more powerful instruments in order to compensate for their increasing audiences and growing venues. Bands started using microphones set up near the sound hole of their acoustic guitars to amplify the sound. This was effective only in small concert halls where there was not a large space for the sound to fill. It also caused a problem when the guitarist wanted to move around on stage. If the player moved to far they would loose the amplified sound, needing the guitar to be very close in front of the microphone to produce efficient volume. The desire for an improved method of amplification was evident."

Tags:bigsby, danelectro, fender, loar, rickenbacker, stratocaster, telecaster

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of the electric guitar. Specifically, it discusses the history of the invention of the electric guitar and its primary inventor/developer, Les Paul. The paper also looks at what his contributions as a designer and as a musician were and how the technical developments in electric guitars and amplification have affected the evolution of rock music.

From the Paper
"Guitars have existed in history for thousands of years. Related to lutes, (which had only two strings), most guitars had six strings, and were designed to be strummed or plucked. It was not until the 20th century that the acoustic, hollow-bodied guitar metamorphosized into the solid-body, electric model so known and loved today. Many people often credit Les Paul with designing the first viable electric guitar, but actually, many men contributed to the electric guitar's history and ultimate success."

Tags:swing, big, bands, steel, amplifying, acoustic, dobro, pickup, frying, pan, rickenbacher

Abstract
Examines the religious ideas of the two leaders of the Protestant Reformation. Social changes of the 16th Century. Luther's challenge to the Church. His concepts of Revelation, faith and the relationship between humanity and God. Calvin's amplification of Luther's ideas. Doctrinal differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism. Calvin's belief in predestination.

From the Paper
"Martin Luther (1483-1546) and John Calvin (1509-1564) were two of the principal leaders of the Protestant Reformation that transformed Western Europe in the sixteenth century. In the German states of the early sixteenth century there was "a combination of circumstances favourable to rebellion," the agricultural peasantry was oppressed and impoverished and the rest of the society strained against the domination of the Church and the excesses of ecclesiastical-temporal rulers of many bishoprics and monasteries (Sykes 28). Yet the form of the vast social change that eventually occurred was very different from outright armed rebellion against the civil or even the ecclesiastical authorities. There were minor peasants' revolts, it is true, but in general social change began in the arena of spiritual matters and this is due almost entirely to Luther's ..."

Abstract
A discussion of the pros and cons of surveillance in the United States, looking at whether more surveillance for protection against terrorism outweighs intrusion of one's privacy. The terrorist attacks on 9/11 saw an increase in surveillance and new laws passed concerning wire-tapping. The three characteristics of surveillance technology used to describe its various aspects, amplification, re-utilization, and sublimation are examined. The author investigates whether surveillance is ethical and if it could really have prevented past or prevent future terrorist attacks.

From the Paper
"When Orson Wells wrote his famous novel about government surveillance taken to the extreme, the world he described seemed very unrealistic. However, at the turn of the new millenium, the world that he describes is not so different and it seems as if we are just one step away from the "thought police" knocking on the door. For some this gives them an extra-added element of security, but others see it as a serious infringement on their freedom.
Today, we are watched in a variety of ways. Every where you look, you see video cameras recording our every move. Wiretaps are frequent and devices that transmit over the air such as cell phones are easy targets for those trying to hone in on our private affairs. The government monitors our email and web surfing activities, our bank accounts, credit card accounts and almost anything else you can think of."

Tags:911, terror, privacy, surveillance, security, government, technology, monitor, attack

Abstract
This paper explains that most countries outside North America classify aerial platforms as being electronic devices, basically set-top and other types of devices, primarily for use in enhancing television reception. The author points out that the more sophisticated devices are used at remote production sites where top-notch quality transmission back to a central location via satellite is required; these aerial devices can be either land-based, as in a stationary studio application, or carried aloft via aircraft, even in outer space to deliver aerial amplifications. The paper relates other uses and methods of delivery are shipboard where they are used for search and rescue types of operations, as in air crashes at sea; the most frequent application is "hired out" aerial platforms used by production companies for movies and similar projects.

From the Paper
"Yet another greatly successful program of "aerial platform" use is in the tracking of the whale herds in their migration treks through the open ocean. By the use of these platforms, the government of the United Kingdom has been able to set up within the European Union a consultative forum on whaling so that this valuable World Asset and several species are no longer hunted to extinction. As a result of the successful efforts in the Atlantic Ocean, the nations of the Pacific Rim are in negotiations now to establish a similar program within their waters to intelligently harvest whales, an important part of the diets of several Asian nations. The biggest obstacle so far is the cooperation the Russians as since the fall of the Soviet Union this Russian Industry has been all but unregulated by anyone."

Tags:crashes, stationary, transmission, government, hired-out

Abstract
This paper discuses autism and includes some personal accounts of living with autism. The author then goes on to discuss therapy for autism, focusing specifically on dance therapy as a form of psychotherapy in which patients are encouraged to express their feelings and inner conflicts through dance. The paper stresses that, by aiding and restoring connection and rhythm, dance and movement therapy helps autistic children who are out of sync with other persons involved in their lives and who experience problems connecting between their bodies and their emotional selves.

Table of Contents:
Autism
Personal Accounts
Dance Therapy
From "Out" to In Sync

From the Paper
"Children in the middle range, albeit usually know and prefer their caregivers' company over others, however children at the severe end of autism may experience challenges recognizing their own family members. Asperger Syndrome, which represents the greatest number of individuals with autism, ranks at the high-functioning end of the autism. Many children with Asperger's function well intellectually and verbally. By today's standards, Shore states, he would have been considered to have Asperger's."

Tags:self-destructive, behaviors, self-expression, amplification, mirroring