Abstract
This paper highlights the portions of Ronald Reagan's foreign policy that confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced the United States to spend large amounts of money. The foreign policy issues that are examined include Afghanistan, The Iran-Contra Affair, Reagan's support of Eastern-European Dissidents and Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, (also known as "Star Wars"). Afghanistan is heavily analyzed, with a breakdown of significant historical points, such as the introduction of the US-made Stinger missile, which stripped the USSR of air superiority. The Iran-Contra affair is included as a way to demonstrate Reagan's willingness to confront communism everywhere. This was a marked policy shift from Jimmy Carter and caught the USSR off guard. The Strategic Defense Initiative is analyzed and is linked to an increased amount of money being spent by the USSR on research and development. The support of dissidents by Reagan is looked at as well, with the conclusion that with relatively little amounts of effort, Reagan's foreign policy fomented large amounts of political opposition to the Soviet Union in Eastern European satellite countries. This caused the Soviet Union to spend money combating this problem as well, with their spy apparatus. Definitive numbers are given that explain just how much the Soviet Union spending increased while Reagan was in office.

From the Paper
"In the 1980's, a swirling of events converged to form a perfect storm that met the conditions for bringing down what Ronald Reagan termed the "evil empire." The first incident was that Old School communists in the Politburo sought to make an impression in Central Asia, but found stalwart resistance in The Gipper. Second, Reagan's abrupt shift from Carter's lax foreign policy took the Soviets by surprise, with the new administration's desire to challenge communism on every front possible; out of this desire came the ill-fated support of the contras, along with the hugely successful backing of Eastern European dissidents, namely the Solidarity movement in Eastern Europe. The third event in Reagan's foreign policy shift that took the world by surprise was the administration's renunciation of the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction; Reagan took the steps of beginning a Ballistic Missile Defense program, which he coined the Strategic Defense Initiative. The Soviets, with few options of recourse, were forced to make concessions that led to the implosion of the "evil empire" shortly afterward. Thus, by applying a policy of confrontation of spreading Communism, bleeding the Soviets in Afghanistan by supporting the mujahideen, and abruptly announcing a paradigm shift in American foreign policy with the Strategic Defense Initiative, Ronald Reagan certainly hastened, if not caused the downfall of the USSR."

Tags:cold, war, CIA, Uzbekistan

Abstract
Transformational leadership best equips the nurse leader of the future because is allows leaders to bring about change without expending large amounts of effort to overcome the inertia inherent in getting any group to change. With the "big picture" chosen as being in the best interests of both team members and the institution, the transformational leader no longer faces obstacles.

From the Paper
Transformational Leadership Leadership in a profession is a vital function that must always be addressed. It is the means by which a profession, or any organized group for that matter, hopes to achieve progress in its own development or in its service towards others. Leadership is in ways the art of directing other professional members in order to accomplish a mission. Whether it is one that possesses relative insignificance such as heading up a unit in a community to leading the population of nurses nationally towards a vision of having a profession assert itself politically after many years of being neglected by the government in terms of solid policies, leadership in

Tags:nursing, leadership, style

Abstract
This paper discusses whether U.S. dominance of multinational communications corporations amounts to American cultural imperialism. It examines the nature of globalization, the growing importance of computers and telecommunications and mass produced media.

From the Paper
"The debate has even taken to the streets and turned violent especially at sensitive conferences such as those in Seattle and Milan. Large international groups such as the WTO IMF and G have turned to remote mountainous locations for their conferences eschewing the urban settings selected for previous events..."

Tags:media, globalization, imperialism

Abstract
Case study addresses a Canadian brewery aware of alcohol abuse among workers; free beer is offered in small amounts after work but alcohol is consumed on shift too towards accidents; lost productivity. Questions indicate failings in present approach in sending addicted workers for formal treatment; new dynamic and company-wide approach needed that informs workers and public, consults with workers to see responsibility on the job; win-win effort in reduced alcohol problems with a low-cost and important public relations effort.

From the Paper
Case Study - "Brewmaster Limited". I Brewmaster should continue offering beer for employees after work, for the time being, but should direct efforts towards giving informal information and counseling on the dangers of alcoholism, perhaps inviting volunteers to run Alcoholics Anonymous or other support services on site or nearby, thus providing a message that some people have difficulty with alcohol and alternative after-work social life is possible. (Hoffman & Ruemper:2007:43-51) As is explained later on, the company needs to provide different kinds of social `perks' to promote worker loyalty while helping

Tags:addiction, corporate, culture

Abstract
This paper supplies significant research which proves that medicinal plants, commonly referred to as medicinal herbs, have been successfully used by man for more than 60 thousand years. The uses of medicinal plants have ranged through the entire spectrum of the physical and psychological maladies that can afflict the human race. The writer of this paper examines the various vaccines made from medicinal plant preparations which are designed for oral consumption as well as the numerous health benefits attained by properly ingesting these herbs. This paper also analyzes the business aspect of the medicine plant trade. Through relevant research, this paper estimates that world sales of medicines derived from plants, discovered and collected by indigenous tribes and cultures in 1990, amounted to some $43 billion.

Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Etiology, Applications and Common Medicinal Plants Today
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"According to Zerner, the majority of the knowledge about medicinal plants today has been accumulated based on empirical observations over long periods of time. Likewise, Crellin and Philpott note that observations of the use of different plants by sick animals has always been a valuable source of information for early practitioners, and many continue to believe this is a valuable source of reliable information concerning the efficacy of medicinal plants today. Even the nonmedicinal uses of these various plant materials has helped the body of knowledge through increased familiarity to the point where, "Nowadays, many herbalists believe that they have an almost intuitive sense of whether or not a plant is medical. Ten of the most popular medicinal plants today are bilberry, cranberry, echinacea, feverfew, Ginkgo biloba, goldenseal, kava kava, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and St. John's wort."

Tags:health, plants, herbs, business, finance, medicine

Abstract
The paper defines the term "globalization" and shows why Third World workers are paid less than First World workers. The paper explains why globalization produces monopolies. It then describes how globalization and trade agreements reduce the rights of workers in poor countries and increase environmental degradation while at the same time raise the standard of living in the First World.

From the Paper
"Globalization has brought with it an ever-more-rapidly-increasing concentration of money (or capital) in the First World's financial markets. This is the direct result of the fact that globalization has also brought with it increasing conglomeration of firms that were once separated by national barriers and that once competed with each other."

Tags:worker, globalization, monopoly, right, Third-World, First-World

Abstract
This paper explains that advertising contributes to the conditions that cause prices to increase, making diamonds ever more valuable for clandestine transactions among the world's criminals and terrorists. The author points out that the media is responsible for carrying the messages that create the demand; the mine owners create the profit motive. The paper concludes that, even though diamonds reach the consumer via a number of criminal, corrupt, or terrorist individuals or organizations, De Beers's advertising is at the root of the civil wars, international ill will, and maiming and murdering of civilians, which happens in the countries that produce at least the so-called "blood diamonds".

From the Paper
"It was noted in the introduction that De Beers conducted an advertising campaign to decrease the number of those "forever" gemstones available for resale from family treasures, as well as using advertising worldwide to increase demand. This article contends that De Beers, which had been directly involved in Sierra Leone until the 1980s, did much more to control the prices paid for diamonds, which would in turn control the lengths people would go to in order to obtain them. After the beginning of the Sierra Leone civil wars, De Beers "its attempts to mop up supplies everywhere in the world, De Beers not only sustained the artificially high price of diamonds, it also undoubtedly bought diamonds from war zones"."

Tags:de-beers, pricing, demand, root, blood

Abstract
This paper discusses how democracy is best defined as ?the rule of the mass of people?, although there are other possible definitions and much debate on the issue. It attempts to analyse the true definition of democracy and debates whether it is what we still experience it in the U.K today.A conceptual (historical) evaluation of 'democracy' leads to comparison of the U.K. system to that of the U.S.A in an attempt to find out. Consideration is also given to the influence of the EU and QUANGOs on British democracy.

From the Paper
"Once a party has won government, the constitutional system proceeds to generate a strong executive that then dominates the legislative. It is suggested that coupled with the strict party discipline evident in Westminster the ability of representatives to act in the interests of those they represent is greatly hindered, and one might therefore deduce that the power of the citizen and the effectiveness of their votes has been damaged. It is simply the case that the executive dominates Parliament, rather than the other way round. When Select Committees try to hold the government accountable for its actions they are invariably fobbed off and their reports are ignored. In any case, their membership is in the hands of the government of the day."

Tags:eu, quango, government, citizen

Abstract
This article provides an examination of the enormous amount of Medicare fraud that occurs annually. The writer discusses the large amount of fraud that takes place in this government sponsored health care insurance program. The writer looks at the types of thieves who partake in this practice. In this paper, the writer also examines the kinds of fraudulent practices. Furthermore, the writer discusses state and federal government efforts that are in existence in order to curb fraud.

From the Paper
"Medicare is a system of government sponsored health care insurance for most Americans and for many of the nation's disabled individuals. Medicare represents one of the federal government's largest entitlement programs, a fact demonstrated by large annual expenditures. The federal government has sought to institute changes in the Medicare system, in order to help control the rising annual costs of providing Medicare for the elderly and disabled costs, that Congress believes reflect a significant amount of ... "

Tags:Health and Human Services (HHS), accounting, auditing, audits, controls, monitoring, theft, health care providers, organized crime, patients

Abstract
This paper is about the affect of reading (both amount and ability) on a child's development of writing ability. It explains how reading and writing are related and explores the correlation between the two. It contains three charts.

From the Paper
"The Magic Spell (a title). There was two boys. They wanted to go fishing, so they went to the forest. Tommy put a pole in the water and fell in" (Cox, Shanahan, & Sulzby, 1990, p. 65). This example of a poorly written text, composed by a poor reader in the third grade, contrasts sharply with the well-written text of a good fifth grade reader: Cities have thousands of people in them. The people live very close together and some next to tall buildings. There is a lot of noise and people running around. People live in big cities, because they are close to where they work and they think they will have a better life. There are also many choices about work, play, and housing. There are usually three main parts in a city. There is a downtown, which is busy. It has many stores, skyscrapers, and apartments. The industrial area has many factories, pollution, warehouses, and small houses. The residential area has many homes and small businesses. Some cities grow by their natural resources like oil, trees, or gas. Houston, Texas grew with those. Chicago, Illinois grew with transportation crossroads, where roads, airways, and rivers meet. These are some of the things that made small cities become big cities (Cox et al., 1990, p. 64). Not only is there a striking difference in length between the two texts, there is also a large difference in cohesiveness, general flow of ideas and overall quality. The first story, written by a poor reader, lacks a cohesive plot or story line. For example, in the second sentence, the author says the boys want to go fishing; however, he then has them go to a forest, rather then a pond or lake, which would be more appropriate to fish in. Also, the title ("The Magic Spell") has nothing to do with the actual content of the text. Cox et al. (1990) gave this text the lowest quality score (one) and a cohesive harmony score of zero (p. 65)."

Tags:ability, children, development, psychology, literacy