Analyses the Reagan foreign policy, and how it consistently confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced it to spend huge amounts of money on defense. Makes the argument that this is the main reason that the Soviet Union collapsed.
Abstract This paper highlights the portions of Ronald Reagan's foreign policy that confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced the United States to spend large amounts of money. The foreign policy issues that are examined include Afghanistan, The Iran-Contra Affair, Reagan's support of Eastern-European Dissidents and Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, (also known as "Star Wars"). Afghanistan is heavily analyzed, with a breakdown of significant historical points, such as the introduction of the US-made Stinger missile, which stripped the USSR of air superiority. The Iran-Contra affair is included as a way to demonstrate Reagan's willingness to confront communism everywhere. This was a marked policy shift from Jimmy Carter and caught the USSR off guard. The Strategic Defense Initiative is analyzed and is linked to an increased amount of money being spent by the USSR on research and development. The support of dissidents by Reagan is looked at as well, with the conclusion that with relatively little amounts of effort, Reagan's foreign policy fomented large amounts of political opposition to the Soviet Union in Eastern European satellite countries. This caused the Soviet Union to spend money combating this problem as well, with their spy apparatus. Definitive numbers are given that explain just how much the Soviet Union spending increased while Reagan was in office.
From the Paper "In the 1980's, a swirling of events converged to form a perfect storm that met the conditions for bringing down what Ronald Reagan termed the "evil empire." The first incident was that Old School communists in the Politburo sought to make an impression in Central Asia, but found stalwart resistance in The Gipper. Second, Reagan's abrupt shift from Carter's lax foreign policy took the Soviets by surprise, with the new administration's desire to challenge communism on every front possible; out of this desire came the ill-fated support of the contras, along with the hugely successful backing of Eastern European dissidents, namely the Solidarity movement in Eastern Europe. The third event in Reagan's foreign policy shift that took the world by surprise was the administration's renunciation of the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction; Reagan took the steps of beginning a Ballistic Missile Defense program, which he coined the Strategic Defense Initiative. The Soviets, with few options of recourse, were forced to make concessions that led to the implosion of the "evil empire" shortly afterward. Thus, by applying a policy of confrontation of spreading Communism, bleeding the Soviets in Afghanistan by supporting the mujahideen, and abruptly announcing a paradigm shift in American foreign policy with the Strategic Defense Initiative, Ronald Reagan certainly hastened, if not caused the downfall of the USSR."
Abstract This article provides an examination of the enormous amount of Medicare fraud that occurs annually. The writer discusses the large amount of fraud that takes place in this government sponsored health care insurance program. The writer looks at the types of thieves who partake in this practice. In this paper, the writer also examines the kinds of fraudulent practices. Furthermore, the writer discusses state and federal government efforts that are in existence in order to curb fraud.
From the Paper "Medicare is a system of government sponsored health care insurance for most Americans and for many of the nation's disabled individuals. Medicare represents one of the federal government's largest entitlement programs, a fact demonstrated by large annual expenditures. The federal government has sought to institute changes in the Medicare system, in order to help control the rising annual costs of providing Medicare for the elderly and disabled costs, that Congress believes reflect a significant amount of ... "
Tags: Health and Human Services (HHS), accounting, auditing, audits, controls, monitoring, theft, health care providers, organized crime, patients
Abstract This paper is about the affect of reading (both amount and ability) on a child's development of writing ability. It explains how reading and writing are related and explores the correlation between the two. It contains three charts.
From the Paper "The Magic Spell (a title). There was two boys. They wanted to go fishing, so they went to the forest. Tommy put a pole in the water and fell in" (Cox, Shanahan, & Sulzby, 1990, p. 65). This example of a poorly written text, composed by a poor reader in the third grade, contrasts sharply with the well-written text of a good fifth grade reader: Cities have thousands of people in them. The people live very close together and some next to tall buildings. There is a lot of noise and people running around. People live in big cities, because they are close to where they work and they think they will have a better life. There are also many choices about work, play, and housing. There are usually three main parts in a city. There is a downtown, which is busy. It has many stores, skyscrapers, and apartments. The industrial area has many factories, pollution, warehouses, and small houses. The residential area has many homes and small businesses. Some cities grow by their natural resources like oil, trees, or gas. Houston, Texas grew with those. Chicago, Illinois grew with transportation crossroads ? where roads, airways, and rivers meet. These are some of the things that made small cities become big cities (Cox et al., 1990, p. 64). Not only is there a striking difference in length between the two texts, there is also a large difference in cohesiveness, general flow of ideas and overall quality. The first story, written by a poor reader, lacks a cohesive plot or story line. For example, in the second sentence, the author says the boys want to go fishing; however, he then has them go to a forest, rather then a pond or lake, which would be more appropriate to fish in. Also, the title ("The Magic Spell") has nothing to do with the actual content of the text. Cox et al. (1990) gave this text the lowest quality score (one) and a cohesive harmony score of zero (p. 65)."
Abstract Defines the medical disease (excessive amount of thyroid hormone production). Common causes, symptoms, classical clinical manifestations & other manifestations. (anorexia, congestive heart failure). How the condition is diagnosed; types of tests used to confirm diagnosis. Types of drugs used in treatment. Surgery as a treatment option. Effect of certain foods on the disorder. Management of the disease.
From the Paper "Hyperthyroidism is the overproduction of thyroid hormones by an overactive thyroid (Norris, 1999). The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck, and produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that regulate the body's metabolic rate by helping to form RNA and increasing oxygen absorption in every cell. Production of these hormones is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted by the pituitary gland.
Discussion
Hyperthyroidism occurs when thyroid hormone production increases despite the level of TSH. The excessive amount of hormones in the bloodstream increases the body's metabolic rate, and causes both mental and physical symptoms. Other names for..."
Advocates a solution to the problem of gun control that balances
interests on both sides of the issue and reduces the total amount of harm to society caused by gun ownership.
Abstract This paper examines the gun control issue from a perspective that supports gun control and presents a solution to the problem that seeks to find a middle ground between the extremes of advocacy and the polemical argument against the issue. It is the position of this paper that regulation of guns is necessary because it will lower the amount of total harm that affects society and will save lives and reduce damages to individuals within the society. Although many present regulations have been ineffective in controlling the problem, the solution
provided by this paper seeks to find out exactly why these measures have failed to assay conclusions that will lead to a better and safer future in terms of gun control by learning from the mistakes of the past.
From the Paper "Those who do not support gun control have their own arguments, and believe that gun control represents an infringement upon their constitutional right to bear arms. It should be kept in mind that this constitutional right was written in during a time in which America had just won an armed revolution against a colonial power, and that it was
mostly arranged to support the military, which was then present in the form of organized militias. But devising the true nature of the founding fathers? ideas about gun control is a business that is difficult to determine, since they arguably did not intend for their addition
to the Bill of Rights to culminate in the modern mass killings of high-school students and innocent civilians that we are seeing in a contemporary environment. It is the argument of this paper that the Second Amendment was probably not meant to apply to civilians,
but rather was a provision that helped the only army America had at this point, which was the organized militia."
This well-researched paper examines the highly debated topic of reparations for slavery. With the debate still on the table about reparations, many feel that compensation goes far beyond a dollar amount.
Abstract This paper analyzes the issue of reparations for slavery. While this topic has received very little media attention in the public eye, the majority of reparation activists passionately believe that their cause will help heal racial tensions. On certain college campuses many have turned the debate for slavery reparations into a debate about free speech. The writer of this paper supplies an overview into how the African-American slaves were mistreated and why the issue of what and how much reparation is due is still such a sensitive and controversial topic. Along with countless hours in the field, there was very little regard on behalf of slave owners to the families of their slaves. Blacks were regularly separated from their family and sold to different families, for the simple profit of their owners. After the construction of the law that manipulated the offspring of any African to follow the condition of their mother, slaves could then be bred for free and sold for nothing but profit. If a slave owner happened to purchase a female, the act of breeding slaves was the cheapest and most cost effective means of increasing profit. The writer contends that this legalized discrimination has trickled down all the way through the generations and still exists today. Many people have come to the conclusion that African-Americans deserve monetary compensation as sufficient reparations for slavery. With the debate still on the table about reparations, many feel that reparations go far passed a dollar amount.
From the Paper "The Trans-Atlantic slave trade later became profitable for the government as a means of accruing taxes. This initiative was intended to slow the traffic of slave ships from the West Coast of Africa. The taxes were only effective for the trans-Atlantic slave trade, however, there were no taxes on domestic slave trading. In response to this, slave owners made an effort for another means of avoiding taxes. In many cases where female slaves did not marry, they were often subjected to the will, or desire of their masters. In some instances, female slaves would adhere to the sexual advances of their masters in order to receive less harsh treatment, those who did not adhere were raped -- this happened more often than not. With the introduction of mulatto children, (children born to female slaves impregnated by white masters) the domestic slave trade found new life, with a transfusion of these children which could be separated from their families, and sold without having to pay taxes."
This well-researched paper examines the sudden resurgence of interest in medicinal plants, which is due not only to their potential health benefits but also to the enormous amounts of money involved as well.
Abstract This paper supplies significant research which proves that medicinal plants, commonly referred to as medicinal herbs, have been successfully used by man for more than 60 thousand years. The uses of medicinal plants have ranged through the entire spectrum of the physical and psychological maladies that can afflict the human race. The writer of this paper examines the various vaccines made from medicinal plant preparations which are designed for oral consumption as well as the numerous health benefits attained by properly ingesting these herbs. This paper also analyzes the business aspect of the medicine plant trade. Through relevant research, this paper estimates that world sales of medicines derived from plants, discovered and collected by indigenous tribes and cultures in 1990, amounted to some $43 billion.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Etiology, Applications and Common Medicinal Plants Today
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "According to Zerner, the majority of the knowledge about medicinal plants today has been accumulated based on empirical observations over long periods of time. Likewise, Crellin and Philpott note that observations of the use of different plants by sick animals has always been a valuable source of information for early practitioners, and many continue to believe this is a valuable source of reliable information concerning the efficacy of medicinal plants today. Even the nonmedicinal uses of these various plant materials has helped the body of knowledge through increased familiarity to the point where, "Nowadays, many herbalists believe that they have an almost intuitive sense of whether or not a plant is medical. Ten of the most popular medicinal plants today are bilberry, cranberry, echinacea, feverfew, Ginkgo biloba, goldenseal, kava kava, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and St. John's wort."
Tags: health, plants, herbs, business, finance, medicine
Abstract This paper examines Ralston's options for reducing the amount of shipping damage to its cereal boxes when shipping to its customer, Publix. Options for changing the cereal boxes, the packing of the boxes, and the handling of the boxes are all considered.
From the Paper "Ralston Cereal's third largest customer is Publix which will not accept any cases of cereal with dents or damages on them. Ralston ships Publix approximately three truckloads of the cereal per week comprising ..."
Abstract This paper discusses whether U.S. dominance of multinational communications corporations amounts to American cultural imperialism. It examines the nature of globalization, the growing importance of computers and telecommunications and mass produced media.
From the Paper "The debate has even taken to the streets and turned violent especially at sensitive conferences such as those in Seattle and Milan. Large international groups such as the WTO IMF and G have turned to remote mountainous locations for their conferences eschewing the urban settings selected for previous events..."
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities for the Australian wine business as it it attempts to increase the amount of red wine sold to Hong Kong.
Abstract This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities for the Australian wine business as it attempts to increase the amount of red wine sold to Hong Kong. The paper explores the challenges of marketing and selling internationally.
From the Paper "Grape growing and wine production in Australia date back to the arrival of European settlers over ? years ago. However it is probably true to say that it is only in recent decades that the rest of the world has taken much notice of Australia's wines. The Australian wine industry has undergone a significant expansion in a relatively short period. According to Ronin Weigand, a decade ago very few restaurants listed Australian wines. That situation has changed dramatically."
Tags: Australia, Hong Kong, wine imports, Australian exports, challenges of international marketing, product, price, promotion place
Abstract This paper describes the local mitigation strategy set up in St. Lucie County 1998 after the devastation to the area from hurricanes Jeanne and Frances. The paper discusses the three entities that work together to address issues that adversely affect the citizens of the area and provide methods that ensure that the least amount of "impact" is realized following a "man-made or natural hazard". The author concludes that the communication plans for public policy programs follow one specific format in general, the creation of a central authority that oversees the program and that considers the needs of all stakeholders.
Outline:
Local Mitigation Strategy for St. Lucie County
Wage Labor Policy
Minority, Women, and Disadvantaged Business Enterprise
Head Start in Nevada
Evaluate the Roles of Elected and Appointed Officials
Evaluate How Competing Interests Were Balanced and Tradeoffs Made
Conclusion
From the Paper "St. Lucie County developed a local mitigation strategy in 1998 after the devastation to the area from hurricanes Jeanne and Frances ("Local", n.d., para. 1). The local mitigation strategy is comprised of "three municipalities within the County, the local business community, and non-profit organizations" ("Local", n.d., para. 1). These entities work together to address issues that adversely affect the citizenry of the area and provide methods that ensure that the least amount of "impact" is realized following a "manmade or natural hazard" ("Local", n.d., para. 2).
"The local mitigation strategy calls for a steering committee that works to alleviate concerns that have previously been felt by the community in other situations. The committee develops a list of issues that have priority for the community and that are the first to receive federal funding, should a hazard occur. The communications between the three primary groups that oversee the needs of the community stakeholders are then addressed through the existence of the steering committee, which acts on their behalf in situations related to community concern."
Abstract Since the introduction of PL-142 (Education of All Handicapped Children Act) in America, the Special Education system has received both praise and criticism. Special Education Programs are an essential component to our educational system. The current special education system has aided many people but improvements are desperately needed as rates of enrollment increase and the number of special education teachers decrease. This paper discusses the increase in the American special education population. It discusses the factors that have contributed to the increase, including the effect of PL-142 on the growth of the special education population, early identification of special needs, the additional conditions that qualify students for special education, the placement of low achieving students in special education programs, accountability reforms and pressure from parents. Other areas investigated are the disproportionate amount of minorities that are placed in special education programs and the disproportionate amount of males that are placed in special education. The paper includes a table.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Increases in the Special Education Population
The Effect of PL-142 on Increases in the Special Education Population
Early Identification of Special Needs
Conditions that Qualify Students for Special Education
Placement of Low Achieving Students in Special Education Programs
Education Reforms
Pressure from Parents
Disproportionate Amount of Minorities in Special Education Programs
Disproportionate Amount of Males in the Special Education Population
Results
Discussions
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper "Horn and Tynan (2001) believe that the best way to educate this group is through direct instruction, individualized attention and feedback. They contend that these students learn best when they have access to classrooms that provide consistent instruction at a slow pace. The authors also assert that if teachers would teach these children effectively there would be a marked improvement in their performance. Horn and Tynan suggest that teachers should focus on figuring out the specific reading problem that a child may have so that they can aid the child in overcoming the problem. In addition, the authors suggest that children with attention deficit disorder should be taught not to rely on medication alone."
Abstract This paper analyzes the current situation in relation to the job duration of today's professional athlete. The paper examines the amount that is optimal for the savings plan of the professional athlete who intends to ensure a retirement that is at least financially stable, if not productive or in the best case, lucrative. The paper includes charts and tables of salaries, amounts needed to save and amounts currently saved if available. Further the paper explores whether today's professional athlete is receiving proper advisement in the area of financial matters by mentors in the athletics field.
Outline
Objective
Methodology
Introduction
Literature Review
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper "The International Foundation for Retirement Education or InFRE believes that one of the "foremost responsibilities are to promote the need for education and or advice from well-qualified retirement professionals." Further the Foundation (InFRE) believes that there is more to counseling individuals competently in terms of their retirement that assisting them in being able to communicate about investments, asset allocation, securities laws and the such. The InFRE organization has been in the process of working with elected officials in the initiative to offer education in the subject. The work entitled "Managed Accounts Model Makes 401(K) Advice Affordable, Easy and Unbiased" states that the "primary focus of the financial services industry" has been in signing individuals up but after that point had "largely left them to their own devices." (Henkel, 2002) The Foundation (InFRE) states that it is not the industry's fault entirely but also the employees who have access to advice concerning their retirement and don't utilize it. The question at hand is whether or not professional athletes receive proper advice or any advice as to their planning of finances for the future in terms of their retirement."
Abstract This paper explores when punitive damages are appropriate in products liability cases as well as the general standards of liability to be found in various American states. From there the paper reviews what factors generally determine the amount of punitive damages to be awarded and how the awards amounts vary in different parts of America courtesy of state caps placed upon the amount of punitive damages recoverable at trial.
Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the scavenging of atmospheric organic contaminants from precipitation, specifically snow and rain. The paper also determined and quantified, from scavenging, the amount of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in snow and rain. Snow scavenging of organic contaminants was being studied because little is known about this phenomenon and a large amount of precipitation, which occurs in North America, occurs in the form of snow. By studying the various precipitation the researchers were able to observe snow scavenging, the gas scavenging abilities of rain and the particle scavenging abilities of both rain and snow.
