Abstract
The paper discusses issues relevant to the lack of adequate funding for American public education. The paper considers issues of adequacy versus equity and role of federal government.

From the Paper
"Funding for education derives in large measure from property tax revenues. Where housing values are low, taxes are equally low and despite state and federal assistance under various grant programs, the simple fact of the matter is that the public schools that are located in the poorest urban communities are less well funded than public schools that are located in affluent suburbs. (Hill Roza) As this essay will demonstrate, efforts to remedy the inequities in school finance undertaken..."

Tags:public education, finance, equity and adequacy

Abstract
This paper introduces and briefly defines the problem of falling academic proficiency amongst American public school and incoming college students; to wit, in mathematics and science and in areas like reading comprehension, students in America are falling behind students in other countries. This paper outlines the history of this development and why it is such a pressing concern right now. The paper then highlights the evidence that shows the critical nature of the situation and ends by offering three broad alternatives that should be examined with an eye towards seeing what will work best for the country. In the end, the paper asserts that an alternative called A-Plus, an alternative that gives local communities considerably more control over the purse-strings than they have under the NCLB, is the alternative that should be explored most of all. However, even this plan is not perfect and this paper suggests some modifications that will give American classrooms an advantage relative to their overseas competitors.

From the Paper
"This paper introduces and briefly defines the problem of falling academic proficiency amongst American public school and incoming college students; to wit, in mathematics and science and in areas like reading comprehension, students in America are falling behind students in other countries. This essay will outline the history of this development and why it is such a pressing concern right now. The paper will then highlight the evidence that shows the critical nature of the situation and will end by..."

Tags:policy, americans, things

Abstract
The paper first examines the many duties and job requirements of a firefighter. The paper then explores the transformation of the individual over time within the firefighting career. Similarly, the paper addresses how the organization changes over time. The paper finally discusses the issue of the fire department competing for the little money available that the state/city has to offer by examining the efficacy of their potential programs or equipment from a cost benefit analysis, using B.G. Peters' book, "American Public Policy: Promise and Performance" as the basis of the discussion.

From the Paper
"American Public Policy: Promise and Performance also addresses the cost-benefit analysis of policy choices. A cost-benefit analysis can be applied in a broad sense to not only money but also social and environmental costs. It is easiest to measure cost and benefit as it applies economic wealth, but it is also shortsighted, especially in a discussion of service organizations such as a fire department."

Tags:jobs emergency 9/11, social programs, fire department

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth look at American urban history as it pertains to public health concerns. It focuses on the period between the Civil War and World War II. It particularly looks at the history of public health in New York City, Chicago, Newark and Seattle and how conditions have been improved in these cities to improve the overall public health of the citizens.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Past
New York City
Chicago
Newark
Seattle
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In Seattle, for example, the city implemented something called a Chlorine Boat. It was a boat that traveled on Green Lake and deposited gallons of chlorine into the water in effort to purify the water supply to that area. At that time the Seattle Health Department and Water Department worked in tandem to try and provide the purest water supply possible in the interest of public health. For many years before World War II Seattle allowed the Public Health Department to supervise and monitor the water supply."

Tags:chlorine, epidemic, contamination

Abstract
This paper argues that the place for religious teaching is at home or in a church setting, not in public schools. The paper presents legal, moral, and ethical reasons why religion should not be taught in public schools and should be left to the domain of religious institutions, families, and private settings.

From the Paper
"No subject in the history of this great country has the ability to unite or divide people quite like the subject of religion. The dominant religion in America is Christianity, and so in this country religion is virtually synonymous with God. But consider, for a moment, those in the minority who do not worship the Christian God, along with those who worship no deity at all. For these people, living in America is a difficult undertaking. For these people, the subject of religion in public schools has a different meaning than it has for the majority. For these people, religion in public schools is a frightening concept; a concept that brings about visions of their precious children being taught values that differ greatly from their own, by the very people who are charged with fostering their intellectual growth. Religion in America's public schools should, however, be a frightening concept for all Americans, regardless of faith or lack thereof. To put God or any other deity into the curriculum of public schools does a terrible disservice to children of all faiths and deteriorates the foundation upon which this free nation was built."

Tags:ammendment, atheism, buddhism, christianity, church, constitution, freedom, government, grant, religious, separation, state, ulysses, wicca

Abstract
This paper briefly looks at the historical treatment of Spanish-speaking patrons by the American public libraries. It discusses the implications of properly treating Spanish-speaking Americans for the library profession. It then explores the many options and solutions being considered and implemented by professional librarians seeking to formulate some kind of a rapprochement with the Spanish-speaking community. Next, the paper looks at how one major stakeholder (private business) has responded to the ongoing problem about how the library system of the United States can best serve the needs of Spanish-Americans. Finally, the paper provides an analysis of some of the solutions that appear to be available and which one of all of these appears most promising.

From the Paper
"There can scarcely be any doubt that American public libraries have historically done a poor job of meeting the needs of Spanish-speaking Hispanic Americans. Part of the reason for this unhappy state of affairs is that Hispanic Americans, until quite recently, did not constitute a large proportion of the American population. In addition, however, there is a general sense (at least in some quarters) that public libraries overlooked the language needs of Hispanic Americans because of a perception that America was an "English-speaking" nation and thus had no pressing obligation to provide for those who spoke another language. This perception has been challenged in recent years - at least in part because libraries are coming to the conclusion that one of the two groups (the other group is Chinese) that is really beginning to assert itself with regards to the use of the latest information technology is Spanish-speaking peoples. For this reason, the ability of American public libraries to accommodate this growing group of patrons is now of undeniable importance."

Tags:bilingual, Hispanic, librarians, stakeholders

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at who and what manipulates the American media, and why. The paper discusses the impact this media has on the American public and their consciousness, and how it ultimately effects their lives and society as a whole. The paper also studies various writings related to this topic.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Further, the majority of the power to define reality, in this view of the news process, resides at the point of the reporter-source contact. By the time the story makes its way to the editor, the most important gatekeeping decisions have already been made. The factors that serve to constrain or, conversely, facilitate reporter interaction with some sources and events and not others are important for understanding news content (Rotberg & Weiss, 1966). In this environment, gatekeepers have played an increasingly important role in the West. "Due to widespread uncertainty over the precise ingredients of a best-seller formula," write Rossman and Suman, "administrators are forced to trust the professional judgment of their employees. Close supervision in the production sector is impeded by ignorance of relations between cause and effect" (2000, p. 72).
The concept of "agenda setting" took its name from the concept that the mass media have the ability to transfer the importance and relevance of items on their news agendas to the public agenda (Bryant & Zillman, 1994). The concept was originally investigated in the traditional context of mass communication and voter behavior; however, it is being increasingly applied to other social and political events as well. For instance, "Through their routine structuring of social and political reality, the news media influence the agenda of public issues around which political campaigns and voter decisions are organized" (Bryant & Zillman, 1994 p. 4). This impact is felt every day as journalists throughout the world deal with the news in several important ways, which are discussed further below."

Tags:brainwash, control, environment, authority, mainstream, techniques, politics, politicians, gatekeepers, control

Abstract
This paper begins by explaining the difference between a public debt and a federal debt and then takes a look at President Bush's tax-cut policy, the theory behind why it is supposed to help the economy, its effects, and its implications for American citizens and the American economy.

From the Paper
"A debt that has been accumulated by the Federal Government in either its Treasury or in its Financing Bank is referred to as a "Public Debt". The debt could have been incurred by either the selling of "securities" and bonds to the public, or through the borrowing of funds from a Federal account. A public debt can also be defined as the total amount that the Federal Government has accrued due to all its borrowings in the past. (Definition of Public Debt) Federal Debt, on the other hand, can be defined as the total amount of debt that is owed by the Federal Government that is as yet unpaid. A federal debt can consist of both public debt and agency debt. A federal debt is made up of the funds owed to the Treasury, in the form of Treasury Bills, Treasury Notes, and also Treasury Bonds."

Tags:ceiling, limit, congress, borrowed, treasury, federal, government, accrued, funds

Abstract
Discusses Tocqueville's observations about public administration in the United States. Argues that Richard Stillman II incorrectly concludes that Tocqueville is condemning American administration. The paper asserts that Tocqueville understood that the weaknesses in American administration were "by design" in order to prevent tyranny and over-centralization.

From the Paper
"Often times, it seems that the best critic is an outside observer? one who can offer plain insight without prideful bias. This is demonstrated by the fact that the best-known commentary on American politics and administration was written not by an American, but by a 26-year-old Frenchman by the name of Alexis de Tocqueville. As an outsider, he had a much clearer perspective than those around him and was able to more accurately report on both the strengths and weaknesses of the American system."

Tags:america, democracy, management, politics, stillman, urban, commentry

Abstract
This paper discusses how Americans feel that the Arabs barely recognize the role of Americans in helping the Arab states. It evaluates how public opinion seems to be that Americans feel that the Arabs just want the Middle East policy to be a zero-sum game, which would mean they stop supporting Israel and this is where the Arabs are largely disadvantaged. It analyzes how the root of the conflicts is due to the fact that Arabs want the U.S to choose either them or Israel. However, the U.S. chooses to maintain a diplomatic relationship with both. It examines different polls on different countries and analyzes the results.

Outline
Egypt
Iraq
Palestine
Lebanon and Turkey
The Country that Attracts the Most Attention
Predictions about U.S. Public Opinion about the Region in the 2003-2008

From the Paper
"Americans view events in the Middle East important for US foreign policy. They think that the Middle East is the most important region in the world for the interests of the US. In April 2002, Americans were asked if America was risking its position by taking part in the Israeli-Palestinian crisis, 61% said yes, while only 35% said no. In May 2000 a Gallup survey asked, "How important do you think what happens in each of the following areas of the world is to the United States today?" On the Middle East, 53% majority said it was "vitally important" and another 34% said it was "important but not vital." Just 10% believed it was not important. The Middle East was the only region that a majority felt was vitally important. In comparison, 39% felt Western Europe was vitally important, 36% felt the same about Asia, and all other regions were deemed vitally important by 30% or less."

Tags:israel, palestine, iraq, turkey, lebanon