Abstract
This paper defines and details the reasoning behind and the various aspects of the developmental pathways model, the social development model, the social ecological model and contextualism which was introduced in 1942 and originally known as 'pragmatism.' This paper delves into the manner in which the theories listed above were used to explore and understand particular behavioral patterns inherent in African-American men. The writer of this paper also discusses and analyzes the results found in each of the theories mentioned in this paper.

Table of Contents:
Developmental Pathways Model
Social Development Model
Social Ecological Model
Contextualism
Bibliography

From the Paper
"According to Morris, Pepper's use of the term "contextualism" first occurred during 1932, where he referred to John Dewey's pragmatism. According to this philosophy, context refers to the influence of history and the changing context of meaning. What this means is that a specific time frame produces specific effects in behavior. Thus, a perception of behavior in African-American males during a specific time frame influences behavior in their peers. Drug use among young African American males is then to be analyzed according to the context of broader influences than merely the family. This is particularly relevant in a world that has become increasingly globalized by developments in technology and trade. The world beyond the immediate boundaries of city and country has become immediately accessible by means of the Internet, e-mail and cellular technology."

Tags:behavior, male, gender, social, psychological, theory

Abstract
This paper looks at the Tuskegee medical experiments which were conducted by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) between 1932 and 1972 on 399 African-American adult male subjects who were diagnosed as having late stage syphilis. It argues that the Tuskegee experiments were unjustified on moral and ethical grounds and how together with many other examples of scientific experiments in which human beings have been used as unwitting guinea pigs in the twentieth century stand as warnings of the misguided, immoral, racist and even genocidal ends which scientific research sometimes serves. It also briefly examines other medical experiments of the 20th Century in which racial minorities were victimized.

Outline
Facts Concerning the Tuskegee Experiments
Assessment of the Tuskegee Experiments
Broader Implications
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The victims of Nazi experiments who were held against their will in hospitals, prisoner of war camps and concentration camps clearly lacked freedom of choice. It is doubtful whether soldiers who 'volunteer' for such experiments really have much choice, such as the unsuspecting soldiers used in the 1940s and 1950s as participants in the Department of Energy's Human Radiation Experiments (Katz and Owens 6). The Tuskegee participants volunteered but, as noted above, only after having been lied to about the nature of their illness, the treatment they would receive and the risks associated with invasive procedures such as lumbar and spinal taps. The most egregious lies and deceits were committed against the black group of adult males, the principal focus of the Experiments, in order to induce them to participate and to prevent them from seeking treatment elsewhere. However, as Chadwick et al. have pointed out, the group of 201 adult white males who were used as a control group and who did not have syphilis were also deceived. They were told at one point by PHS researchers that they had contracted the disease in order to gauge their levels of psychological stress and to compare them with the stress levels of the blacks under study (16-17)."

Tags:experiments, genocide, racial, minorities, medical, research

Abstract
This paper investigates the emotional development of an individual through the lense of a family systems model. It presents the unique situation in which an African American male is raised within the context of a single parent maternal home. From that context, it is demonstrated that the unique elements of this culture allows for certain strengths which compensate for any loss encountered by the lack of a father figure.

From the Paper
"This paper will review the systemic and cultural implications of being raised as an African American Male within a single parent family where the primary caretaker is the mother. A review of what constitutes emotional stability as well as how it is developed within children is presented. After this, the author reviews how systemic implications in child rearing affect the gender specific coping mechanisms related to emotional regularity. Finally, drawing on research around this particular population, this author demonstrates that the cultural strengths of the African American Family compensate for the difficult family configuration..."

Tags:family, gender, african american

Abstract
The lack of representation by African American males in the school system is alarming because young African American students, especially male students, do not have a role model with whom they can identify. The paper considers the factors that have been cited for the shortage of African American male teachers in the school system. The writer then studies questionnaires that were given to elicit the responses of African American male teachers in childhood education.

From the Paper
"Several factors have been cited for the shortage of African American male teachers in the school system. First, qualified African American men who have graduated from college turn away from the teaching profession because of the low salary. First-year public school teachers receive a salary of only $23,000 to $25,000 a year. Second, African American men believe that they face racial discrimination in schools. Third, African American males consider teaching to be a female-oriented profession because most schoolteachers are female. Fourth, African American males come from poor families that cannot afford the costs of attending college. Fifth, more African American males are spending their lives in prison than in college where they acquire necessary qualifications (Raines & Evans, p. 2)."

Tags:teachers, college, role, model, costs, profession

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the rise in crime amongst the African-American male population and the variety of social problems, such as a history of abuse and psychological disorders, that may be fuelling this criminal behaviour. This paper also takes a look at the fact that many African-American males are being released from prison with drug addictions that did not exist prior to their incarceration.

Contents
Introduction/Statement Problem
Significance of Problem
Purpose Of Proposed Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Studies Supporting African American Male Criminal Activity
Mental Health, Substance Abuse and Aggressive Behavior
The Link Between Victimization and Psychopathology
Summary of Preliminary Research
Limitations
Sample Size
Delimitations
Implications

From the Paper
"There is however much evidence pointing to affective disorders and substance abuse problems within the African American male population, which may contribute to drug dependence and criminal activity (Widom & White, 1997; Wagner, Loyd & Gil, 2002; Zeitlin, 1999; Gil, et. al, 2004). Still other evidence points to drug use early in adolescence as contributing to criminal behavior, and that early drug use may be associated with other domestic, violence or abuse problems and mental health disorders even in youth (Vega & Gil, 1998; Turner & Lloyd, 1995; Tubman, Langer & Calderon, 2001).
Other evidence suggests patterns of dependence symptoms and alcohol abuse may be linked with depressive or other disorders in adolescents, which may progress into adulthood leading to criminal activity (Martin, Kaczynski, Maisto & Bukstein, 1995; Kessler, et. al, 1996; Kilpatrick, et. al, 2000)."

Tags:trauma, victimization, mental, health, violence, jail, prison, psychopathology, agressive

Abstract
This paper uses the four models of Kimmel and Messner as a framework for studying the masculine development of African-American males are developmental pathways, social development, social ecological and contextualism models. The author points out that the problems of living in poverty, the extremely pressured yet loosely and poorly defined role of the African-American male and the severe lacking of a positive role model result in many misdirected and misguided youths using substance abuse, developing affective psychological disorders and becoming involved in crime. The paper stresses that societal forms of direction for positive role modeling do not exist in qualitative or quantitative forms to any great extent, which leaves the African-American male floundering as to what they should or could represent.

Table of Contents
Objective
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Models of Kimmel & Messner
Poverty: A Factor that Cannot Be Ignored
Treatment Options
Summary & Conclusion

From the Paper
"The meaning of masculinity and associated norms of gender roles are stated to be the basis of "social constructionism" (Kimmel & Messner, 1989, 1992) Men tend to internalize their conceptions of what forms their masculinity from the culture they live in. 'Socialization' encourages men to attempt to live up to those standards that have been set within the culture. African-American men are "subject to a very different set of influences" socially than their white peers and therefore have a different masculinity as well as their social influences being quite different than those of white men."

Tags:poverty, definition, role-model, media, white

Abstract
This is an in-depth research paper on the cause and possible cures for the pressing problem of high dropout rates in secondary educational institutions for African-American males. The paper points out that the problem is not only one of economic disruption, but one of human misery as well. In order to help further the reader's understanding of the effect of secondary education on the dropout rate of African-American males, the paper begins with a look at the history of educational equality and then goes on to look at the effect that the high dropout rate of African- American males has on society in general. The paper also explores the reasons that these young men drop out and possible measures that can be taken to help prevent them from dropping out. Hypotheses regarding what can be done to increase graduation rates among African-American males are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding these hypotheses, based on the literature reviewed.

Table of Contents
Introduction and Statement of the Problem
History of Educational Equality
Reaping the Whirlwind of African American Male Educational Failure
Going Beyond What to Why
Reasons for Dropping Out
Hypotheses
Literature Review
Prevention Measures
Other Sources of Information
Methodology
Findings
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"It is impossible to ignore the high dropout rates for African-American males. Whether it is an effect of other societal shortcomings or a cause of some is also at issue; probably, it is both a cause and a result. The phenomenon appears to be allied with vestigial racial attitudes that 140 years without slavery and forty years of increasingly far-reaching equality legislation has been able to do little to ameliorate. Much work has been done regarding the specific causes of the problem; as yet, relatively little work has been done in testing the efficacy of various potential prevention tactics. However, new approaches making educational institutions the lead actor in a raft of 'holistic' interventions may be the prime area for future concentration of both study and effort by educational institutions."

Tags:unemployed, literacy, school, enrollment, segregation, inequities, achieved, disenfranchisement

Abstract
This paper examinations social and educational factors that impact the motivation of the junior high school African- American male.

Abstract
This paper examines the retention rate of African-American males in predominantly white universities. The paper compares the factors influencing African-American women versus men in completing their university studies. The author states that the purpose of this research is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African-American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors influence the retention rate.

Outline:
Research Question or Alternative Hypothesis
Independent Variable
Dependent Variables
Possible Confounding Variables
Research Design
Participants
Instrumentation

From the Paper
"The retention rate of African American males has been a hotly debate topic in the college domain. Although statistics have shown that the overall retention rate of African Americans within college has progressively increased, few studies have specifically focused on the African American male student within a predominantly white university. Michael J. Cuyjet explains in his book, "Helping African American Men Succeed in College", that African American males are different from females in several different categories that include course learning, exposure to campus activites, use of student unions, involvement in clubs and organizations, etc (Cuyjet, Chapt. 1). The goal of this research study is to find out exactly what the retention rate of African American males in white universities is, and what explicit and implicit factors impact the overall impact the retention rate. We will conduct a research design that will consider the multiple factors within retention rates and develop a quantitative metholodgy to measure the factors contributing to African American male retention rates."

Tags:higher, education, African-American, males, academic, success, university

Abstract
This paper analyzes the correlation between affective disorders, substance abuse and involvement in the criminal justice system among African-American males. The paper discusses the incidence of incarceration, substance abuse and affective disorders individually and then it discusses patterns between the three issues.

Table of Contents:
High Incarceration Rates Among African Males
High Incidence Untreated Affective Disorders Depression/Anxiety
Mandated Sentences Equal Tougher Sentences on AM Males
Perception of Traumatic Events in Urban African Males
Part II - Drug Abuse and Crime Activity

From the Paper
"Most of these studies suggest that left untreated, affective disorders including those among African Americans worsen with time, and that higher rates of recidivism often result particularly when offenders are released and still must face various psychological stressors and disorders including depression or anxiety (Spencer, 1999). Given this information it seems logical that rehabilitation measures be adopted that help address psychological instability among prison populations. As yet however, there are no uniform regulations or laws that dictate or mandate rehabilitation for African Americans or other populations at risk for higher rates of affective disorders in prison. This suggests that these disorders will likely continue in the future."

Tags:race, minority, black, recidivism