Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in generations gone by, medical treatment in America was little else than a local doctor, while small, regional hospitals existed to take care of surgeries and major medical issues, but in both cases, the options for treatment were limited, and in many cases, patients did not fare well. Luckily, as technology has advanced, so too has the American medical system to the point where many consider the American medical system to be among the best in the world. The writer discusses that this progress has come with a heavy financial burden, however, turning American medicine into an industry, and like most industries, the federal government has taken up a role. In this paper, the federal healthcare agenda is discussed and explored from several points of view in an effort to better understand the many facets of the topic. The writer concludes that American healthcare has in some respects been the barometer of social and economic change in the nation.

Outline:
Introduction
Healthcare Becomes Part of the Federal Agenda
Proposed Alternatives to Address the Issue
Successful and Potentially Successful Alternatives/Who Developed the Alternatives?
Concessions in Developing the Alternatives
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Introducing this paper, the assertion was made that American healthcare has become an industry and part of the federal agenda. Better understanding of how this came about requires an explanation of the evolution of the American healthcare "industry", and to look at that requires a glimpse into post Civil-War America, of the late 1860s. In that period, two very important events took place-one in America itself and another in Europe- which set the pace for the birth of the American healthcare industry. Domestically, America entered into a period of economic and commercial advancement that would in retrospect become known as the Industrial Revolution, attracting millions of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of work, which led to the demand for organized healthcare in the cities where industrial accidents and the disease associated with large numbers of people living in cramped areas became commonplace. In Europe, scientific discoveries into the nature of germs helped to develop more medicines which could be offered to the sick- at a price, of course."

Tags:patients, disease, fees, doctors

Abstract
This paper provides a thorough summary of this chapter. It shows how the author, Peter Edelman, examines what he believes are the major economic and societal shifts that significantly changed America's view of youth. Through a linear examination of time periods over the last century Edelman focuses on the various forces that shaped our views of adolescence and policies addressing youth and policy today. The paper explains how, by examining changing cultural, political and racial attitudes toward adolescence, Edelman continually connects them to economic forces instrumental in shaping these attitudes. In the end of his examination he laments that there is an inconsistency between states and state agencies and that policy is fragmented along class and racial lines, a bifurcation of policy.

From the Paper
"Edelman begins his linear examination of the time periods and period forces that shaped today's policies in the section titled, "Youth in the Early Twentieth Century." During the first third of the century initial attempts at protecting and prolonging childhood were undertaken. He states, "The child savers of the time invented a series of institutions and policies that focused more public policy attention on children and responded to economic changes that reduced the demand for work by children." 2 He notes that before the 1900s the terms "youth" and "adolescence" were not in common usage and that young people commonly assumed adult responsibilities at younger ages.3 Per Edelman, the notion that childhood had come to include a period of "Strum and Drang," in which the young struggled to define their own personal identities, was first purposed in a study by G. Stanley Hall and led to public discussions on the role of children and childhood in society. Edelman points out that most jobs of the period did not require a high school education and most people entered the work force while still in their adolescence.4 As America moved through the early 1900s economic opportunities, a reoccurring theme by Edelman, along with demographic changes, provided increasing opportunities for America's young to spend more and more time in the outside world. As a result socialization was sought less from the family and more from the outside world. While young men were the primary beneficiaries of these changes, larger numbers young women began working outside of the home during this time period as well. Edelman states that public social behavior, typical adolescent behavior today, was considered to be on the brink of prostitution. Public concern resulted in many states raising the legal limit of consent.5 Responding to a surge in unattached youth in the cities, children of immigrants and a general perception that increased moral guidance was needed local communities started assuming greater responsibilities in socializing the young. Organizations like the Boy Scouts, YMCA, Campfire Girls, etc. helped meet these needs. The idea of "youth" became much more meaningful, Edelman states during the early 20th century.6 While public policy did exist that concerned the adolescence years at the turn of the century they addressed mostly issues of child labor, compulsory education and the juvenile court itself. But these issues were overshadowed by a growing concern of the way young children were being dealt with through orphanages or other residential institutions.7 Policy shifted during this time to address the idea that young children were better off staying with their mothers then being shunted off to the various child institutions. Early attempts by the federal government to address public concerns about children resulted in the creation of the Children's Bureau. These early activities focused on infants, children and young teens but failed to address the needs of older youth."

Tags:federal, adolescence, child, crime

Abstract
The following paper examines the factors that contributed to socio-economic problems in Latin America in the past , as well as looks at the sustainability of democracy in Latin America. This paper discusses the significant socio-economic difficulties based upon the faltering economies of larger trading partners, income inequality, political polarization and corruption. The writer examines how in the past dictators cared more for maintaining their own power and the privilege of their own supporters than they did for the welfare of their people and countries. The writer argues that the success and continuation of democracy depends on the patience of the people to see the long-term results of regional initiatives. This paper contends that if people support the type of government that promotes the satisfaction of the most basic of needs, well-fed and employed people will not initiate revolutions.

From the Paper
"Going into the new millennium, Latin America seems to be poised for active participation as a part of an increasingly global social and economic environment, perhaps more than other developing regions. According to the current Bush Administration, it is virtually all democratic, there are no cross-border disputes, no ethnic conflicts, and there are no immediate threats of terrorism to the West coming from the area (Associated Press, 2002).Security cooperation has been shown in confidence-building measures among historical rivals in the region and peacekeeping operations in Central America and the Caribbean. Terms such as multilateralism, regionalism, consensus, and convergence appear in descriptions of hemispheric relations released by the World Bank and other entities sharing a belief in the positive potential of these factors."

Tags:summits, regional, policy, solidify, common, principles, priorities, strengthening, democracy, education, sustainable, promoting, free, trade, development

Abstract
This essay offers an overview of components of American society and studies history's effect on present day American society. The essay explores the reasons behind initial colonial settlement of America and the formation of the country's legal, economic and political policies. The essay also discusses ideas on what it means to be a middle class American and the interplay of media and sports with the middle class. Additionally, the paper explores the centrality of religion in American life and politics. The essay argues that the future of American society rests in the hands of Supreme Court Justices and that the American government must consider all factors of American society, both past and present, when deciding future judicial endorsements and confirmations.

From the Paper
"The form the new government took, that of a democratic and republican government, reflected the realties of political and social conditions. Embodying the ideals behind the realities, the Constitution enshrined the principles of private property and self-determination within the context of an essentially paternalistic and capitalistic society. The framers sought to create a government that would, on the one hand, preserve the autonomous action of the states while guaranteeing the continued control of the educated and propertied classes. Too much power in the hands of the Federal government was believed dangerous to free enterprise and private property."

Tags:colonialization media, middle class society, religion

Abstract
This paper discusses the damage done to the Native-American people as a result of the efforts by the American government to replace the Native-American culture with the dominant white culture. The paper discusses the problems associated with confinement to reservations, limited access to a culturally sensitive educational environment and the unique legal position that Native-American tribes hold. The paper also briefly looks at how the tribal gaming and casino business has helped bring economic prosperity and self-sufficiency to the the Native-American tribes.

From the Paper
"All individuals, especially during the years from adolescence to early adulthood must come to terms with one's identity and the society in which they live. The process is frequently difficult and complex. For the Native American, especially the youth, it poses greater difficulty and complexity. They often feel pulled in different directions by two different cultures, including one, which has often to fail to accept them. The impact of United States culture and the combination of acculturation, pluralism, frequent segregation has produced results such as disorganized family life, geographic isolation created by remote reservations, educational deficiencies, alcoholism, to name a few."

Tags:indian, european, priests, ministers, spiritual, leaders, medicine, man, hunter, provider

Abstract
This paper examines how the Great Depression, Pearl Harbor, and the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 offer insights into how American history has taken its course. There are many causes to war and economic disaster that have been explained, but these three historical events help describe how American government policy was forged at its core. The militaristic inclusion of the American Armed Forces in World War II and The War on Terror are affects of these events, which changed American foreign policy.

From the Paper
"In this historical study, the Great Depression, Pearl Harbor, and the attacks of September 11th, 2001 will be analyzed. By understanding the cause and affects of these three important events in American history, one can realize how they acted as a catalyst for domestic and foreign policy in American government for the last 70 years. In essence, three crucial events from American history will be examined within this governmental timeline. The Great Depression was the result of the Stock Market Crash of 1929. The excess of monopoly by a very few powerful companies that were not regulated by the government helped to cause this massive economic downturn."

Tags:depression, pearl, harbor

Abstract
The paper relates that in "The New Economics," Deming offers a vision for industry, government and education based on effective knowledge, information management and sustainable growth. The paper asserts that the author is profoundly optimistic and forward-thinking in his views of knowledge, human potential and the capacity for positive transformation. The paper discusses how Deming extends far beyond the scope of textbook economics, looking at issues related to human welfare and well-being. The paper concludes that "The New Economics" offers a visionary theory of revolutionary change, not just in American economics but in American culture.

From the Paper
"The New Economics is succinct: less than 250 pages including the index. Accessible in its tone and layout if not its writing style, the book remains viable as a trade book but its author's background and credibility and his theoretical underpinnings make The New Economics required reading for students, scholars, and professionals. The crux of The New Economics is what Deming calls "A System of Profound Knowledge," which he outlines in detail in Chapter 4. The book is divided into ten sections plus an appendix and index."

Tags:industry, government, education, welfare, profound, knowledge

Abstract
This paper describes the connection between religion and economics, citing that although it may seem quite separate and governing their own realms, but in fact each affects the way the other is conducted and may influence how people respond to each. The paper further examines how in American life, religion and economics are more separate than they would be in some other systems because there is also a clear division between politics and religion, though it is a line that is sometimes crossed. Max Weber found a clear connection between Protestantism and capitalism, suggesting that the Protestant ethic contributed to the economic development of the West.

From the Paper
"Religion and economics may seem quite separate and governing their own realms, but in fact each affects the way the other is conducted and may influence how people respond to each. In American life, religion and economics are more separate than they would be in some other systems because there is also a clear division between politics and religion, though it is a line that is sometimes crossed. Max Weber found a clear connection between Protestantism and capitalism, suggesting that the Protestant ethic contributed to the economic development of the West (Giddens 124). The division does not even exist in Islam, and some of the necessary rituals of Islam have economic effects that may be detrimental..."

Tags:islam, economics, ritual

Abstract
This paper summarizes and compares the views of Robert Kuttner in "Everything for Sale" (1998), Robert Reich in "The Work of Nations" (1991) and Jeffrey Madrick in "The End of Affluence" (1995) concerning the changes which have transformed the American economy during the past 25 years such as issues such as deregulation and privatization. It examines the resulting problems, their causes and the possible solutions they each offer, including the role of corporations, government, unions, workers and economic and/or social policies in correcting these problems.

From the Paper
"Kuttner thinks unions perform a positive role in checking unrestrained management power and in furthering productive efficiency as well as worker welfare, but he offers few suggestions as to how unions can be revived. He would use tax policy to reward corporations which have progressive labor policies. He says that "'participatory inequality' is accelerating and is highly skewed by social class" (p. 355). He is in favor of increasing the participation of the people in politics and community life but offers few concrete suggestions on how to realize this goal, other than that measures be adopted mandating "shorter hours, mandatory parental leave and paid child-care benefits" (p. 351). He advocates greater accountability of corporations, not only to shareholders, "but also to employees, communities and society as a whole" but offers little guidance on how to improve corporate governance (p. 190)."

Tags:deregulation, privatization, labor, unions, government

Abstract
This paper studies the American political system, focusing on three different aspects: (1) the strength or weakness of the American federal government; (2) the development of the regulatory state; and (3) the role of economic conditions in voting behavior.

Tags:government, constitution, regulation, congress, presidency, Voting