Abstract
This paper presents a report on Philip Taubman's book, "Eisenhower, the CIA, Hidden Story of America's Space Espionage" which gives a view into the leaders', policy makers' and engineers perspectives' of the American space espionage in its infancy.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Eisenhower's Perspective
The CIA's Perspective
Space Age Spying's First Controversy
The Scientist's, Engineer's and Analyst's Perspective
The Terrorism Angle

From the Paper
"This book demands a greater respect for the Central Intelligence Agency. Even in today's intelligence community, many professionals (at least those in military intelligence) are unaware that the CIA was responsible for developing the high-altitude aircraft and satellite imaging systems that they use in their jobs every day. Mr. Taubman's book helps the reader to understand President Eisenhower's participation and endorsement for the development of these reconnaissance craft, and how he overcame various obstructs due to competition between the military services, Congressional budget bickering, and the easily impressionable perspectives of the American people."

Tags:bissell, corona, kelly, bin, Laden, 911

Abstract
This paper discusses why the American space program was worth the cost. It presents a retrospective history of the program with regards to its impact on the U.S. economy and way of life. It shows how the 1969 trip to the moon allowed many new technologies, which would normally take decades of development to be refined in the private sector, to crystallize in mere years. Technologies like cell phones, TV, the Internet, and many others got their start during the American 'space race'.

From the Paper
"Besides its obvious benefits to the technology sector, when a project of the space program's magnitude is attempted, there are inherent benefits to the entire economy. The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs cost the government approximately 25 billions dollars in 1960's money. It terms of the 60's GDP, or Gross Domestic Product, the space program gave the US economy an additional yearly growth rate of 2.6%, from 1959-1970. In a good year of growth, the US economy will grow from 3 to 5%. That means that because of the Apollo program alone, the GDP growth rate was nearly twice what it would have been without the governments influx of cash. Aside from the money that was pumped into the economy, thousand of jobs were created to build all of the millions of parts that were used during the decade of the space program."

Tags:john, kennedy, mondale, nasa, apollo

Abstract
The book that Binnendijk edits, Transforming America's Military, is his latest publication, having been released in 2002. This significant assessment of America's military seeks to pose the state of change that exists in the U. S. military, a state of change brought on by rapid technological advancements.

Tags:transforming, america's, military

Abstract
This paper is a speech discussing America's War against Terrorism and the divisiveness it has engendered at home and the approach recommended for addressing it.

From the Paper
"Terrorism is a systematic attempt to produce terror in others. At its heart is a desire to gain power and manipulate others so that the terrorists can control everyone else and get what they want. Terrorism wreaks havoc within and among nations, costs lives and substitutes a rogue operation bent on its own benefit for a legitimate government that seeks to benefit the populace at large. America's War against Terrorism is designed to curb terrorism everywhere it exists in our world. As anyone who..."

Tags:War against Terrorism, America, fear, divisiveness

Abstract
This paper analyzes America's position regarding global terror and questions whether U.S. wars foster worldwide hatred of Americans. The writer of this paper contends that the ongoing U.S. war on terrorism is misguided and can only promise more terrorism as a result. This paper examines the fundamentals of terrorism, which need to be understood as a means of waging warfare, usually adopted by those who possess significant strategic and militaristic shortcomings. This paper details President Bush's stance on terrorism, which became clear at the September 2002 national debate. In his speech, of which various portions of the text are cited in this paper, Bush laid out what he believed to be the primary function of the U.S. government. While many people have applauded Bush's active policy against terrorism and supported his reasoning behind the war in Iraq, there are those, like former president Jimmy Carter who feel differently. This paper touches on Carter's 2002 speech in which the former presidents brought up a number of problems he had with the movement towards Iraq. This paper also discusses the manner in which the Bush administration has chosen a particular perspective, that is intended to justify the employment of the U.S. military as a tool in rooting out terrorism.

From the Paper
"Not everyone has been as enchanted by Bush's war on terrorism as Charles Colson. Jimmy Carter, in his speech to the Nobel committee in December of 2002 brought up a number of the problems he sees with the movement towards Iraq as an aspect of the war on terrorism. He quotes Ralph Bunche as having said, "To suggest that war can prevent war is a base play on words and a despicable form of warmongering." A more concrete objection is the continued unilateral actions of the United States under the Bush regime. He states, "If we accept the premise that the United Nations is the best avenue for maintenance of peace, then the carefully considered decisions of the United Nations Security Council must be enforced." This is a criticism of Bush's continued assertion that the United States needs to continue working through the United Nations, while simultaneously operating without its support."

Tags:u.s., america, war, terror, terrorism, iraq, jimmy, carter, government, political, military

Abstract
This well-researched paper details the events that led to the Louisiana Purchase, often described as the greatest real estate deal in history. In 1803 the U.S. paid France $15 million for 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi, known as the Louisiana Territory. This paper examines the reasons behind President Thomas Jefferson's decision to purchase New Orleans and nearby portions of Louisiana, including the need to ship goods to and from the regions west of the Appalachian mountains. This paper explores the results of Louis and Clark's expedition, which garnered the U.S. extensive knowledge of the geographical landscape in America's mid-west region. The writer contends and describes how the expedition opened the fur trade, while at the same time paved the way for negotiations with the Native Americans. This paper analyzes the success of both historic events, which allowed the U.S. to expand its land from coast to coast, while the technological innovations of that particular era provided the means to eventually become the most powerful nation the world.

From the Paper
"The United States gained extensive knowledge of the geography of the American West, for the expedition had journaled maps of major rivers and mountain ranges, and had discovered and described one hundred and seventy-eight new plants and one hundred and twenty-two species and subspecies of animals. It opened the fur trade in the West, paved the way for peaceful negotiations with the Native Americans, established a precedent for Army exploration, strengthened the United States' claim to Oregon Territory, focused the country and media attention on the West, and helped to show pioneers some of the Oregon Trail. The expedition arrived in St. Louis on September 23, 1806, and had spent close to $39,000 dollars, slightly more than the original $2,500 originally requested for the Lewis and Clark Expedition of the Louisiana Purchase."

Tags:u.s., history, president, jefferson, gold, rush

Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the slave trade, focusing on its impact on Africa and the America's. The paper further discusses how the slave trade was motivated by greed, supplying the Americas with cheap human labor. The practice of slavery was made illegal by the nineteenth century, however, the slave trade made a lasting impact on the Americas and Africa through social, economic, and political means.

From the Paper
"The slave trade began in the early sixteenth century, although slavery had existed within Africa for centuries before. The slave trade was motivated by greed, supplying the Americas with cheap human labor. The practice of slavery was made illegal..."

Tags:africa, americas, slavery

Abstract
This paper focuses on the history of the U.S. Space Program, the role of the people and agencies that were responsible for starting and developing the program, how the rivalry with the Soviets affected the program, the significance and benefits, if any, of space exploration, the future of the space program, and its usefulness.

From the Paper
"When the Soviets successfully launched Sputnik I, the first ever artificial satellite, in orbit on October 4, 1957, the event took the Americans and the entire western world by surprise. Sputnik I was just a 2-foot sphere with nothing more than two tiny radio transmitters on it, but the symbolic significance of the event?the implication that Communist Russia had taken a significant technological lead over the United States was a massive blow to the American nation's pride. It signaled the start of the Cold War space-race between the two major super powers of the time and developed into a race for putting the first man on the moon that culminated in the historic "giant leap for mankind" on July 20, 1969 when Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon."

Tags:ussr, development, rocket, german, engineer, wernher, von, braun, ballistic, missile

Abstract
The paper discusses Males' argument in "The Scapegoat Generation: America's War on Adolescents" that America's "delinquent class" of adolescents can be directly attributed to America's elderly, who take up the large public funding that America's youth needs and also uses the young in order to attain their level of comfort. The paper explains Males' contention that fundamentally the system we occupy is flawed because it is adult centric, with adults blaming the adolescents for society's growing problems. The paper calls into question the credibility of the author by showing how the book is biased and is merely opinion based rather than evidence based.

From the Paper
"Mike Male's book, The Scapegoat Generation: America's War on Adolescents, is at the height of controversy over its purported theme that adolescents are our society's scapegoats. He argues that while adolescents are widely accused by many of drug abuse, cigarette addiction, sexual irresponsibility and an ever increasing crime rates, these allegations are in facts myths that have come from political constructions and negative media portrayals rather than the truth. These adult mediums attempt to blame adolescents for the problems endemic in American society rather than looking at themselves as the root cause of so much strife within our nation. His book is an account of America through the critical lenses of cause and effect rather than result oriented dissection. The questions it answers within are associated with the root causes of adolescent disorders."

Tags:elderly, adolescents, liberals, delinquency

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses similarities between the video game "America's Army" and the real army, such as simulation games and battle simulation episodes. The writer looks at methods of recruit and ways of advertising for the United States Army. The writer states that both the actual United States Army and "America's Army" rely on lures to gain new recruits. The writer continues that "America's Army" was designed to be both a way to lure young recruits and as a way to simulate battle experience. The writer shows that although "America's Army" and the United States Army share much in common, the video game remains a game and does not adequately capture the experience of serving in the armed forces.

From the Paper
"Both the America's Army video game and the United States Army use advertising, propaganda, and clever product placement in order to sell their ideas. In fact, America's Army is one of the propaganda and advertising tools that the United States Army uses as part of its arsenal of marketing tools. In addition to the video game, the United States army uses brochures, television ads, print ads and radio ads to sell the armed forces to young people. In the same way, America's Army is marketed through a series of advertisements in publications and on multimedia sources.
Both the America's Army video game and the United States Army use battle simulation games. In fact, the America's Army video game is almost entirely based on battle simulations. The United States Army employs more specific simulations games, such as those that are used to operate different types of mobile artillery. However, both the America's Army video and the United States Army need to hire software engineers that can craft intricate battle simulation episodes."

Tags:soldier, battle, recruit, marketing