Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that very few words in the English language are meant to be as intentionally ambiguous as terrorism. To some people it is simply a fighting tactic. To others it is associated with a type of person that is sneaky and underhanded. The writer points out that the term is associated with creating fear, but it also insinuates that the terrorist is immoral and illegitimate. The writer concludes that the United Nations is shortchanging the world by not having a concrete definition of the word terrorism. If they did, they would be able to identify countries that commit acts of terrorism and take the appropriate measures in response.

From the Paper
"The terrorist group, Al-Qaeda, have committed the most well known examples of terrorism. They engineered the 9/11 attacks on the United States. Their attacks are perceived as terrorism because they attacked the military and economic hubs of the United States. This attack was in response to the group's belief that Western civilization and culture were threatening their way of life.
"Their attacks had a profound impact on the psyche of the United States. It traumatized millions of Americans who either lived in one of the cities or had a connection to someone involved in the attacks. The terrorists instilled fear in Americans by making them realize just how vulnerable the country was. Airplane travel has gone from an ordinary experience to a hassle that is equal parts fear and inconvenience."

Tags:attack, terrorists, extremist, violent

Abstract
In this essay, the writer maintains that the legend and reality of the life of Michael Collins is matter of much debate and also a certain amount of mystery. The writer notes that the subject of Collins' motivations and character are dealt with in the film "Michael Collins" directed by Neil Jordan. The writer points out that there is a certain amount of ambiguity with which the film attempts to deal, in that Collins is the instigator of a brutal form of guerrilla warfare used as a reaction against the occupying British forces. The central aim of these actions was to oust the British from Ireland and to achieve an independent Irish Republic. There are two central aspects that this paper attempts to address in light of the view that the film puts forward about Collins. Firstly, the writer notes the view of Collins as an Irish patriot and secondly the writer assesses Collins' methods of retaliation against the British forces in Ireland.

From the Paper
"The film itself leaves little doubt that the tactics that Collins employed against the British, while ethically questionable, were the only tactics that he felt were left to him in the face of the overwhelming force of British domination. At one point in the films he states that he hates the British not because of their nationality, colonial dominance or even their brutality, but because they have left him no choice but to employ harsh tactics that would increase violence and hatred. This reasoning is similar to the rationale behind many other guerilla or terrorist groups and tactics throughout the world. There is also suggestion in the film and the literature that the way that Collins used guerrilla tactics against the British was emulated by other leaders and groups such as Argentinean Marxist revolutionary, Che Guevara."
"This reason for the use of guerilla or terrorist tactics is often given as being inevitable, when a smaller force is faced by an intimidating and overwhelming or numerically superior oppressor that cannot be fought in a conventional manner."

Tags:Ireland, British, forces, patriot, terrorist, group

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem in creating a comprehensive definition of terrorism, noting that defining terrorism more clearly is a beginning point for further discussion. How the term is defined can determine what solutions are offered. International terrorism creates particular problems because what is seen as terrorism in one context or by one particular observer may not be seen that way by another.

From the Paper
"Terrorism is a label for various forms of political violence directed at a civilian population by a non-military group trying to spread terror in order to force some political end. Americans more and more use the term as short-hand for attacks by Muslim groups, but terrorism around the world may have nothing to do with a specific religious group or political structure at all. The target of terrorism has often been the West, but terrorism can be directed at any regime that some group wants to influence. The approach taken is to frighten the populace in order to force the government to capitulate to some demand, even to the extent of demanding a complete change not merely of leadership but of the very form of government and of political ideology."

Tags:terrorism, international, definition

Abstract
This paper is based on work addressing three theories of criminology in relation to terrorism. The paper discusses what terrorism is, the conflict theory's usefulness to an understanding of why terrorism emerges, the forms it takes and the perceptions of those engaging in it. The paper makes reference to "Islamic" terrorism of the present, and the nature of Tamil terrorism in Sri Lanka.

From the Paper
"The public is familiar with the term of terrorism in the present day, though relatively few persons will scrutinize what is meant by it. Terrorism is a methodology that belongs to Military Science in a collection of techniques, but terrorism is included under the category of Criminology in library cataloguing systems. Richard Rosenfeld explained that terrorism can be well understood through the approaches of criminology, however, as came into view when looking at three criminological theories in (1) classical, (2) consensus and (3) conflict..."

Tags:terrorism, crim, conflict theory

Abstract
The paper explores how international terrorism is related to and often dependent on modern communications technology and the connectivity in our social, economic and personal environment. The paper looks at cyber-terrorism and shows how the spread of terrorism is an almost unavoidable result of the proliferation of electronic media and technology.

Outline:
Introduction
Extremist Groups and Technology
Divergent Groups and Communication
Varieties of Cyber-Terrorism
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The growth of terrorism in our contemporary world is a fact that is without doubt one of the greatest threats to peace and civilization today. The question that may be asked is why has terrorism become such a global and international threat to the world? Terrorism as a style of protest and even warfare, characterized by the aim of instilling fear and terror in certain countries or people is not something new in history. Terrorism in some form or another is evident, even from a brief glance at human history. However, in our age, terrorism is international and is often coordinated between different countries and regions of the world."

Tags:cyber-terrorism, hackers, Internet, extremist, groups

Abstract
This paper addresses the catastrophic attacks of 9/11 and describes how the terrorist attacks on that day have since changed the efforts and viewpoint of the U.S. in reacting to terrorism. Listing the formation of counter-terrorism agencies in the U.S., the author explains, how with the combined efforts of foreign intelligence, the U.S. has devoted considerable attention to the potential risks posed by the prospect of nuclear terrorism on U.S. soil. A goal which has been explicitly repeated by Osama bin Laden. The paper assesses possible scenarios for the launch of these nuclear attacks which include long range missiles and the capability of terrorist organizations to fund these attacks. The various options for addressing the most serious threats are also discussed.

Outline:
Introduction - Statement of the Problem:
Understanding the Risk of Domestic Nuclear Terrorism:
Various Options for Addressing the Most Serious Threats
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The catastrophic attacks of September 11, 2001 changed the way Americans view the prospect of international terrorism. Shortly thereafter, President George W. Bush introduced the new Department of Homeland Security designed to consolidate and coordinate the combined efforts of two dozen independent federal law enforcement, intelligence, and counter-terrorism agencies under the authority of a national security director."

Tags:terrorism, 9/11

Abstract
The writer of this article discusses that the war on terror waged primarily by the United States against a variety of Islamic radical groups is arguably the dominant issue in the global community in the present day. The writer notes that while this war is conducted largely through the use of military forces there exists considerable debate whether this is the best means of combating terrorism. The writer points out that Benjamin Netanyahu in 'Preparing for the War on Terrorism' can be seen to argue that military means are the best way of defeating terrorism, while Bill Christison in 'Why the War on Terror Won't Work' argues that the military option will not work.

From the Paper
The "War on Terror" - waged primarily by the United States against a variety of Islamic radical groups - is arguably the dominant issue in the global community in the present day. While this war is conducted largely through the use of military forces, there exists considerable debate whether this is the best means of combating terrorism. Benjamin Netanyahu, in "Preparing for the War on Terrorism," can be seen to argue that military means are the best way of defeating terrorism, while Bill Christison, in "Why the `War on Terror' Won't Work," argues that the military option will not work and that we instead need to examine the "root causes" of terrorism.

Tags:political, science, terrorism

Abstract
Terrorism is an assertion of the will of a very few over the many. It is a protest, an attempt to gain power and influence, and an expression of cultural anger. Palestinian terrorists have been blowing themselves up in crowds of Israelis for decades. Theirs is an expression of protest against the very existence of the Israeli state. Terrorism is, then, a multi-faceted expression of violence against another party. The commonality is that some element of the cultures that generate terrorism makes the act of destroying innocent lives. It is the purpose of this paper to examine how a culture, particularly that found in some areas of the Islamic world, can breed terrorism.

Tags:terrorism, expression, culture

Abstract
In this in-depth examination of the subject, the author of this paper offers a clear definition of global terrorism. He studies the change in America's views on the subject and lists basic concerns of the effect global terrorism might have on the world and on the United States. The paper analyzes the direct and indirect dimensions of risks to U.S. interests and the patterns of global terrorism. It touches on September 11th, effects on the business sector and future plans to fight global terrorism. Finally, it examines the topic of bioterrorism and the UN response.

From the Paper
"The U.N. cited America as the most generous nation in the world in responding to emergencies and crises everywhere else. Perhaps that is why the world grieved and suffered along with Americans when terrorism hit U.S. soil. Nearly half the world joined the U.S. in its international war against terrorism. However, it is important to understand the thin line between global terrorism and global organized crime.

According to the U.N., in many important respects, terrorism is a problem to be tackled by law-enforcement agencies, in cooperation with military forces; its magnitude can be brought down to "tolerable" levels, but it can never be totally "defeated", just as we cannot have an absolutely crime-free society; and it is part of the growing trend toward the lowered salience of the State in the new security agenda that emphasizes human as well as national security. "

Tags:Political, kidnapping, The, Oklahoma, World, Trade, Center, Defense, Department's, Operations, and, Maintenance, Middle, East, Patterns, Global, Terrorism, 911, George, Bush, US, Airlines, Executive, Order, 13224, FBI, anthrax

Abstract
This paper looks at the many similarities in Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights", and Charlotte Bronte's novel, "Jane Eyre". The author discusses the gothic elements present in both books: the dark, the hidden, the secrets, and the brooding characters like Heathcliff and Mr. Rochester. The paper examines the element of the occult in both novels: ghosts, visions, the dead Catharine, and insane Bertha Mason Rochester.

From the Paper:

"
Traditionally, Gothic elements were constituted by the ambiguous, the chaotic, the unenlightened, the supposedly irrational, the dark, the hidden, and the secret. According to literary handbooks, Gothic is a matter of d?cor and mood, of an obscurely pleasurable terror, of the nostalgic melancholy of ruins and of remote times and places. Conventions familiar in Gothic narratives include a vulnerable/curious heroine, a wealthy/enigmatic hero/villain, and a grand, mysterious dwelling concealing violent secrets."

Tags:bronte, genre, ghost, moors, yorkshire, heathcliff, bertha, rochester, catharine, lockwood